April 6, 1929.
Operations Agreement between Capt. G. F. Stockes, USMC, and Jefes Expedicionarios Felipe F. Flores, José A. Sánchez y Juan B. Mendoza (English translation only), p. 1.   "Las Manos, Honduras, Nicaragua, on the 6th day of the month of April 1929, the undersigned, Gen. Felipe T. Florez, Expeditionary Chief of the forces of the Government of Nicaragua, Capt. George Stockes, Representative of the Commander General of Nueva Segovia and the Generals Juan B. Mendoza and Jose A. Sanchez and the lawyer (attorney) Jose B. Henriquez in their capacity of Expeditionary Chiefs the first two and the last as Jefe Director and Expeditionary Delegate for the Executive Power, have agreed upon the following after the statements that each party made to the other in order to clean up the border of Honduras and Nicaragua in regard to bandits:  ¶  1st. The Representatives of the Forces of the Government of Nicaragua and the Commander General of Nueva Segovia, Col. J. A. Rossell, bind themselves to discon- . . . "

April 6, 1929.
Operations Agreement between Capt. G. F. Stockes, USMC, and Jefes Expedicionarios Felipe F. Flores (Nicaragua), José A. Sánchez (El Paraiso, Honduras) and Juan B. Mendoza (San Marcos de Colón, Honduras) (English translation only), p. 2.   ". . . tinue (stop) from this date on the persecution of Sandinistas in the way it has been done by the Ame aviones [American airplanes] on the border of Honduras and Nicaragua, because it is taken in consideration the damages that they may cause on Honduran territory, on account of the good relations of friendship cultivated (maintained) by the Governments of Honduras and Nicaragua and with the Government of United States of America.  ¶  2nd. The Expeditionary Chiefs of the Government of Honduras hereby bind themselves to continue their activities on the border or on Honduran territory, with the object of disarming Sandinistas, in order to stop the intranquility that they cause the families that on said borderline.  ¶  3rd. The two parts mentioned on Number 1st and 2nd aforesaid, bind themselves to comply reciprocally the contents of . . . "

April 6, 1929.
Operations Agreement between Capt. G. F. Stockes, USMC, and Jefes Expedicionarios Felipe F. Flores, José A. Sánchez y Juan B. Mendoza (English translation only), p. 3.   " . . . said numbers to accomplish the task of tranquilization (pacification) and to maintain the Honduran and Nicaraguan families in their individual safety and of their property.  ¶  The parts offer each other frank friendship for the carrying out of what has been agreed upon.  ¶  (s) George Stockes, Capt. U.S.M.C. By order of Com. Gen. for N. Seg.  ¶  (s) Felipe T. Florez, Jefe Expedicionairio.  ¶  (s) Juan B. Mendoza, Jefe Expedicionario de San Marcos  ¶  (s) José D. Henriquez, delegate.  ¶  José J. Espinosa, secretary.  ¶  (Translated specially for Capt. Reagan, U.S.M.C. by José J. Espinosa. May 11, 1929."

April 8, 1929.
USMC Captain George F. Stockes on the combined Marine-Voluntario offensive in the Western Segovian borderlands.   [NOTE:  This material was extracted from an R-2 serial intelligence report from Ocotal of 8 April 1929, covering a two-week period, and also appears in the TOP 100 PAGE 33.  Source:  IR29.04.08, in RG127/209/1]    

" . . . [March 27] . . .  From Capt. Stockes, Mar. 27: After my departure from Somoto received message from [Honduran Expeditionary Chief Juan B.] Mendoza that he would confer with me in Calpules. He moved North along the border and arrived here 2300 yesterday. Hakala column cleared Santa Emilia 0400 and arrived here via border trails at 1030. Stockes column cleared Yaraje at 0430 via Jocomico and arrived here 1100. Conference immediately with Gen. Mendoza who has 50 men and is camped here on the Honduran side. Col. Abie Vallodarez [Ballardes] had conference with Salgado [EDSN General Carlos Salgado] yesterday. He was representing Mendoza and offered Salgado a guarantee in Honduras if he would surrender with his force. Salgado has 50 armed men. He requested 8 days armistice in which to decide and expressed a desire to have a conference with my column. Vallodarez told him no armistice could be arranged until after he had talked with me. Salgado left following the border trail North toward Bado Grande. Neither Mendoza nor I believe Salgado is sincere. He is in a bad way and only trying to get us off the trail for the time being. We move after him, Mendoza stating he will continue to operate along the border on the Honduran side. Patrol dispatched from Yaraje yesterday captured commandant of Bandit Civicos of Las Cabullas. Have also taken into custody several other bandit supporters and turned over to Mendoza list of suspects who have fled to Honduras. . . .  [ p. 4 ] . . .  ¶  [March 27] . . .  [From Lt. Hamas] 27 March, 1929. Las Manos. Arrived at 12:30 a.m., native agent reports Salgado at Pedregalito, Ortez at Las Limas, Area Commander notified. . . .  [p. 9 ] . . .  ¶  [March 27] . . .  From C.O., G.N., Dipilto, Mar. 27: Native reported that Salgado is in Pedregalito, Honduras, according to same report Ortez is at Las Limas, Honduras. Ortez was seen passing through Las Manos with cargo of coffee at midnight March 23. Lt. Hamas' patrol has searched El Naranjo and El Poste, La Laguna, Cabo Blanco in Las Manos area. Request further instructions at Las Manos. Hamas. . . .  [ p. 5 ] . . .  ¶  [March 28] . . .  Lt. Hamas and 15 Guardias patrolled Suyatal, El Horno, Buenas Aires Area, captured Cypiano Salgado [Cipriano Salgado], armed with 38 revolver, Pedro Calix [Pedro Calis] was captured also, near Suyatal. Cypriano Salgado suspected of being a recruiter for the bandit force, he also states that bandits are at Las Champas and Las Limas. Miguel Angel Ortez bandit leader reported at Las Manos at the home of Alejandro Ballardes. Bansillio Sauceda, Guadalupe Umanzor, David Umanzor, great bandit supporters at Las Manos. Sabino Galindo, Ortez's agent lives in a home of Alejandro Ballardes, all this information furnished by two intelligence agents. Hamas patrol at Las Manos at 7:30 p.m., left for Suyatal arrived at Suyatal at 11:00 p.m. . . .  [ p. 10 ] . . . ¶  [March 28] . . .  From Stockes-Flores Column, 100 yds. South of Pedregalito, Mar. 28: Arrived here 0700 today. Hakala column will arrive later today from Zapotal from Sapilde and Las Planos. Honduran patrol has not yet arrived. Expect them this afternoon. Salgado cleared here about 1400 yesterday heading toward Suyatal where Ortez is reported. Salgado is obtaining his food etc. from Honduras, inhabitants of Pedregalito and Suyatal, are well known supporters of Ortez and Salgado. . . . [ p. 8 ] . . . ¶  [March 28] . . .  From Div. Cmndr., G.N., Ocotal, Mar. 28: Two natives reported that at 9:00 p.m. Mar. 23rd 20 bandits came to the house of Celso Paguaga and tied up the above mentioned man. Ortez was jefe, one man named Baquezana [Verbonico Vaquedano] was recognized in the group. Ortez told these men that at that time Salgado was attacking Dipilto and had by that time captured the place. Also said that they were not to tell anyone that he was jefe of this group, but to tell the Marines that they (the bandits) would be at Milote, they had the mules captured in the coffee raid a few days before, loaded these mules with 2,000 lbs. of coffee taking the other mule also from the owner to help carry the coffee, the telegraph line was cut between Dipilto and Honduras. It seems according to the dope that Ortez does not care for contacts right now but is interested in getting some money out of this coffee before it is all moved. . . .  [ p. 4 ] . . .  ¶  [March 29] . . .  At 6:00 a.m. Lt Hamas saw one bandit armed with rifle at the home of Paulino Lopez, about 500 yds. in Honduras at Las Champas and about 10 more men not armed but mounted. At 6:30 a.m. Lt. Hamas and 12 men left to patrol El Ayote, destroyed two main, and one small bandit camp on top of El Ayote, found and destroyed on cususera [moonshine still], also found a large supply of corn stored in small shack near bandit camp. . . .  [ p. 10 ] . . .  ¶  [March 30] . . .  From Stockes-Flores Column, Mar. 30: Just after plane made pick up yesterday conflicting reports re route taken by Salgado were received. It is now certain Salgado split his force in two sections here. One section about 25 men heading toward Oropoli, Honduras, a town about 40 houses, 12 miles West of Pedregalito. The other section following the border trail East toward Suyatal. Commandant here claims Salgado paid for all supplies in Honduras, also that the Commandant to Alauca was notified promptly that Salgado with a large armed group was in Honduran territory near Pedregalito. Mendoza with patrol has not yet arrived. If he intends to cooperate he will probably show up today. Hakala-Castillo Column will clear here at 0830 today for vicinity of Mata de Platano following the border trail. Stockes-Flores will remain here in an attempt to get in touch with Mendoza. Conflicting information about Ortez some claiming he effected junction here with Salgado others that he had talked with Salgado then left in direction Northeast. If latter is true then he was at that time two and a half days ago undoubtedly camped in Honduras between Alauca and Suyatal. I believe he had conference here with Salgado but is now operating independently. All well. Stockes. . . .  [ p. 8 ] . . . ¶ [March 31] . . .  From Capt. Stockes, 100 yds. South of Pedregalito, Mar. 31: Following received from Hakala 0730 today by native runner. Quote One and one half miles West of Boujie 1640 30th of March, 1929, to Capt. Stockes. At about 1200 today near Chinampa we captured suspect who states (a) He was a member of Salgado's band but had been left behind to spy on our movements, (b) That both Salgado and Ortez with approximately 80 are in vicinity of Brujil, (c) That Salgado wants to quit and go to Tegucigalpa accompanied by Maldonado arms to be turned over to either Ortez or Honduran authorities, (d) That both Salgado and Ortez left Pedregalito about 1500 Mar. 28 traveling East through Honduran territory, (e) That Salgado had ordered him (the prisoner) to tell Carcamo Salgado wanted to see him about laying down their arms (Adan Carcamo), jefe Bandit Civicos at Santa Maria. We will move immediately into Brujil our prisoner as guide in order to force a contact. Prisoner states he is willing to pay with his life if bandits are not in that vicinity. Hakala. Unquote. So far no contact here with Mendoza here or other Honduran troops. Unless such contact is gained by 1300 today we move East toward Suyatal and unless Hakala has had contact with enemy he will retrace his route to Pedregalito. Hakala and I will pace the border between here and Suyatal for the next few days. All well, Stockes. ... [ p. 5 ] . . . ¶  [April 1] . . .  From Capt. Stockes Column, Brujil, Apr. 1: Native just reported that about 2000 yesterday large group of bandits were camped at Las Limones, Honduras. Las Limones is midway between Las Manos and Paraiso. Report believed true. Stockes. . . .  [ p. 6 ] . . .  ¶ . . . [April 1] From Stockes-Flores Column, Brujil, Apr. 1: Group Salgado and Ortez definitely located night of 30-31st in Honduras occupying positions between Las Limas and Suyatal. Las Limas is one league North of Masa de Plausas. Stockes-Flores cleared Pedregalito at 1230 yesterday and arrived Brujil 1940. Conferred with Skidmore on the trail just East of Pedregalito. In view location of enemy Skidmore moved from Santa Maria to Pedregalito yesterday afternoon covering that part of the border. Hakala-Castillo cleared Brujil at 0540 today for Pedregalito via border trail. Upon arrival of Hakala column Skidmore will move to Zapotal (on Rio Zapotal) moving via Bado Grande and border route. No repeat no cooperation by Honduran troops. Apparently Mendoza turned South from Calpules instead of operating with my column. It is definitely known that Salgado has been traveling Honduras since being chased out of Rio Negro district. Prisoner captured by Hakala has been with Salgado for the past 6 months. Salgado wants to quit Ortez is holding out and from what is picked up here and there Ortez claims he will never quit and to native here stated if necessary he will go to the Malacate Mountains in Jalapa district and establish a second Chipote. All well. Stockes. . . .  [ p. 6 ] . . .  ¶  [April 1] . . .  From Lt. Hakala's Column, Pedregalito, Apr. 1: Juan Pablo Maradiaga member of Salgado's band captured at Chinampa at 1200 30 Mar. Salgado has 55 men 2 horses 3 mules 1 Lewis M.G. with 18 drums. Jefes are Escalante, Jose Maria Cruz and Antonio Maldonado. Inez Hernandez deserted Salgado at Calpules camped at Las Limas on 29th Suyatal on 30th. Adan Carcamo is commandant for Salgado at Sabana Redonda in Honduras Northeast of Pedregalito. Salgado sent Maradiaga to get Carcamo to discuss advisability of laying down arms together with Ortez. But Carcamo did not show up the conference did not take place. Salgado is desirous of surrendering arms, Ortez did not express any opinion on this subject. Salgado and Ortez contemplate going Eastward toward Las Manos but had received notice of approximate location of Hamas and Hakala and went Westward and then South, all travel performed in Honduran territory. Salgado has no sick or wounded with him. His men get very little to eat. All purchases made in Honduras are paid for in money. Ortez has 25 men about 10 horses or mules, no automatic weapons. Now operating with Salgado. Second jefe is Vaquedano. Many of his men wear hob nail shoes. Hakala. ... [ p. 6 ] . . .  ¶  . . . [April 2]  From Stockes-Flores Column, Suyatal, Apr. 2: Arrived here at 0730 today from Brujil. Situation relative to enemy remains the same. The Air Service has daily combed the border. The work of the kind performed by Howard, Sanderson, Britt, etc., in cooperation with our patrols will keep the main enemy groups in Honduras. Until further reliable dope is received Stokes-Flores will base Suyatal sending sub-patrols daily to Brujil and Mata de Platano. Hakala-Castillo will remain Pedregalito sending sub-patrols to Sabana Grande and Chinampa. Former is three miles East of Pedregalito latter five miles, both on border trail. All well. Stockes. . . .  [ p. 7] . . .  ¶  . . . [April 3] . . .  From Lt. Hakala's Column, 500 yds. South of Pedregalito, 3 Apr: Received native report that Salgado traveled Westward in Honduras, passing the house of Juan Alberto Matuca (Honduran), over camino Juan Alberto, one kilometer Northwest of Chinampa at 1000 1 Apr. This appears to check with yesterdays information that Salgado was at El Portillo de Lapa (one half league of Chinampa) at 0800 the same date. Also a native report that a group of Honduran troops under command of one Gen. Flores were at Oropoli on 1 Apr. Hakala. . . .  [ p. 7] . . .  ¶  [April 3] . . .  Las Manos: Lt. Blanchard and 10 enlisted cleared for Suyatal at 8:00 a.m. to inform Capt. Stockes about the conference with Honduran delegates. Native agent reports Sabino Galindo agent of Ortez prepared food at home of Alejandro Ballardes on 2nd April, Ortez's bandits peeled coffee on the morning of 3 Apr. in the same home. . . .  [ p. 10 ] . . .  ¶  [April 4] . . .  From Lt. Hakala, 4 Apr: Native information received stating that Salgado accompanied by 6 unarmed men had been seen traveling toward El Puercal on 2 Apr. El Puercal is Northwest of Pedregalito. Also that Salgado's band has been broken up through large numbers of desertions, and that many of his deserters are at Oropoli and Alauca. Hakala. . . .  [ p. 7 ] . . . ¶  [April 6] . . .  From Lt. Hamas, G.N., Dipilto, Apr. 6: Native who has returned from Alauca to Las Manos today, received information from the natives to the North of Las Manos that on Easter Sunday, 20 men, believed to be part of Ortez group, were observed proceeding to Las Canas, Honduras via El Poste with one sub-Thompson and the others armed with rifles and pistols. . . . [ p. 8] . . . ¶ [April 6] . . .  Las Manos: Intelligence agent reports General Jose Sanchez after disarming his troops let Salgado go free, and Salgado alone armed with pistol heading for Pedregalito, the report of 5 April and 6 April took place at Las Partidas. On 5 April Alejandro Ballardes enlisted in the Honduran army under the name of Luis Ramon Rodriguez. . . .  [ p. 10 ]  ¶  3. ENEMY SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT:  ¶  (a) Having been driven across the border by our patrols, Salgado buried his arms in the mountains of Honduras, near Alauca, where they were recovered by Gen. Jose A. Sanchez, Expeditionary Chief of Yuscaran, Honduras, on Apr. 3rd. Gen. Sanchez reported to Capt. Stokes, at a conference in Las Manos that he had in that manner captured the following arms and ammunition from Salgado:  ¶  15 Rifles, Con con, Remington.  ¶ 4 Rifles, Mausers. ¶  12 Rifles, Springfields.  ¶  9 Rifles, Infume.  ¶  1 Lewis machine gun.  ¶  7 Drums, filled.  ¶  300 Rounds of Krag ammunition.  ¶  58 Rounds of Mauser ammunition.  ¶  11 Rounds of Infume ammunition.  ¶   80 Rounds of Con con ammunition.  ¶  850 Rounds of Cal. 30 Springfield ammunition.  ¶  27 Bombs.  ¶  46 Detonators.  ¶  27 Trunks for carrying ammunition.  ¶  Supply of dynamite.  ¶  In addition to the above listed arms, Salgado is reliably reported to have had two Thompsons, sub machine guns which were turned over to Ortez. ... [ pp. 8-9]  ¶ . . . The outstanding event of military importance of recent weeks was the elimination of Salgado, one of Sandino's best field jefes, in addition, he was generally regarded as the best recruiter among the bandit forces and an organizer of no mean ability. It was he who recruited and organized the Guardia Civicos of Northwestern Nueva Segovia prior to the elections.  ¶  The capture of his arms was accomplished by finally goading the Honduran border officials into action. Five of our patrols cornered the bands of Salgado and Ortez and drove them into Honduras near Las Manos. They then camped on the border while the Commander, Northern Area, repeatedly informed the Honduran officials of the location of these bandit groups and urgently requested appropriate action. General Sanchez moved Southward from Yuscaran with a force of about a hundred men, whereupon, Salgado hid his arms and disbanded his group on Apr. 1st. The arms cached were found by the Honduran commander two days later. . . .  [ p. 9 ]  ¶  . . .  A field message received from Capt. Stockes [no date, probably April 7]: Although I have sent messages to Mendoza and he personally assured me he would operate with us and that he had control over the border from Espinal to El Poste, we have been unable to gain contact with him since leaving Calpules. Things are not working out just as planned or expected. I am convinced Mendoza is sincere but is up against a tough proposition as there seems little doubt but that practically all border officials holding minor positions are in sympathy with Salgado and Ortez. Possibly they reap benefits, from sale of mules, cattle etc. driven across the border by bandits. Of course groups of both Ortez and Salgado are about four fifths Hondurans, largely recruited along the frontier, with family connections, etc. I feel certain at this writing both Salgado and Ortez are in Honduras and am going to remain near the border until such belief is disproved.  ¶  Note: (1) The Mendoza referred to is Gen. Juan B. Mendoza, Expeditionary Chief of San Marcos, Honduras, who promised to cooperate by marching along the border parallel to our column.) . . . ¶  6. MISCELLANEOUS:  ¶  ATTITUDE OF CERTAIN HONDURAN OFFICIALS  ¶  (a) That Honduras is and has been the asylum for Nicaraguan bandits becomes more apparent as the campaign progresses. That certain responsible officials of Honduras are in collusion with the bandits is certain. This is not peculiar to the incumbent regime in that country --- it was true during the Conservative administration as well. Our recent experience near Las Manos, when Salgado lost his arms to the Honduran general, Sanchez, seems at first sight to be indicative of future cooperation but is in no way reassuring. A careful survey of the incidents connected with this operation will lead to the belief that the Honduran border officials cooperated only so far as they were forced to by urgent circumstances, and only then because, right or wrong, they believed that invasion of Honduras by out troops in pursuit of bandit forces was imminent. Some of the circumstances tending to establish this as a fact are as follows:  ¶  (1) To begin with, Honduras has not suffered from banditry in Nicaragua. her citizens along the Nicaraguan-Honduran border are prosperous and undisturbed, where the Nicaraguan side of the line has been desolated by bandit ravages. A large percentage of these outlaws are Hondurans who rustle cattle and horses, rob coffee, etc. in Nicaragua and sell them in their own country. (Four fifths of Salgado's force which disbanded on Apr. 1st is said by natives to have been composed of Hondurans.) Certain Honduran officials and their agents do a lucrative business by purchasing stolen property from the bandits, selling them arms, ammunition, etc.  ¶  (2) Information is available from sources believed reliable that certain controlling members of the Liberal party of Honduras are indebted to Sandino, through a working agreement entered into prior to the elections in that country. (Sandino had agreed to join the projected revolution in Honduras in case the Liberals in that country lost the election).  ¶  (3) Many of Sandino's best jefes came from Honduras. Among these are [Simon] Montoya, a former Chief-of-Staff; [Porfirio] Sanchez, another former Chief-of-Staff who succeeded Giron [General Jose Manuel Giron Ruano]; [Simon] Gonzalez and [Carlos] Quesada.  ¶  (4) Porfirio Sanchez, former Chief-of-Staff to Sandino, is creditably reported to be a cousin of Gen. Jose A. Sanchez, Expeditionary Chief of Yuscaran who recently recovered the arms from Salgado.  ¶  (5) Honduran officials have failed to apprehend bandit jefes and agents who crossed into that country on missions for Sandino, and whose whereabouts was reported by us. Among these are Col. [Carlos] Quesada who has spent much time in Danli; Generals [Simon] Montoya and [Porfirio] Sanchez and Colonels Rufino and Pastor Ramirez and Colonel [Victor] Lagos. Gen. Sanchez together with the Ramirez brothers are now in Tegucigalpa where they were granted amnesty by their government about two weeks ago.  ¶  (6) There is now, by what is considered reliable information, a Sandinista club in Tegucigalpa.  ¶  (7) Gen. Mendoza, Expeditionary Chief of San Marcos who commands the border patrol from Pedregalito to the Gulf of Fonseca, admits being an old friend of Salgado.  ¶  (8) The Commandant of Arms, Paraiso, Honduras, was advised by us during our operations the past weeks that a bandit force was at Munoz, Honduras, only a few miles from his garrison. He replied that a search revealed the presence of no outlaws. Private but reliable information is to the contrary.  ¶  (9) Ortez has lived for the better part of last month with a woman in the house of Alejandro Ballardes in Las Manos, Honduras. Some of his soldiers secured food at this house while Lt. Hamas was in position on the border, only a few hundred yards away. The same Ballardes is now an officer in the force of Gen. Sanchez, who commands the border patrol from Pedregalito to Cifuentes.  ¶  (10) There is a report that Gen. Jose A. Sanchez had a conference with Salgado before the latters arms are supposed to have been found in a cache. This lends a suspicion to the whole proceeding. Moreover, Ortez was permitted to escape without any perceptible gesture against him.  ¶  (11) The reason which actuated Gen. Sanchez in a measure of cooperation against Salgado may be inferred from the following messages: "From Commandant of Arms, Yuscaran, Honduras, Mar. 31: I have instructions from my government to attack all Nicaraguan forces who penetrate Honduras no matter which troops they are. Regulars or revolutionary. Our laws do not permit intrusion of this kind. Sincerely. /s/ J. A. Sanchez."  ¶  "From Commandant of Arms, Oropoli, Apr. 2: Following instructions of my government, I left in the character of Chief Expeditionary with a respectable column to patrol the border. All foreign forces who trespass through our Honduran territory will be dislodged from our ground and if it be necessary I'll attack the most convenient way to make our National Sovereignty respected. Sincerely, /s/ J. A. Sanchez, Chief Expeditionary , Commandant of Arms." . . .  ¶  There are evidences that he [Sandino] is hiding in Honduras. His woman, Teresa Villatoro, was in Danli, Honduras about two weeks ago. His new Chief-of-Staff, Porfirio Sanchez, together with [Simon] Gonzalez, another member of his staff, is in Tegucigalpa --- reported to have quit. Sanchez has been granted amnesty by the Honduran Government. Honduras has denied us permission to enter the disputed territory. Too, Sandino worked along the Patuca [Poteca] River, in the disputed territory several years ago and is said to have friends there. . . .  ¶  /s/ L. B. REAGAN  ¶  Captain, U.S. Marine Corps

April 8, 1929.
"Report," Lt. Hanneken, La Pavona, p. 1.   "1. 2nd Lt. Kerr and 30 Marines reported in here at about 1700 from GARCIAL on April 5.  ¶  2. Lt. Kerr and patrol cleared LA PAVONA at 0700 on April 6 for LOS ANGELES – GARCIAL.  ¶  April 6 – 3. Lieut Hanneken with 8 Marines and Comm. Escamilla with 30 voluntarios cleared LA PAVONA and patrolled area on the west side of CHACHAGON Mt. About 4 miles from LA PAVONA (Eulalio Flores Finca), situated on the South West side of CHAGHAGON are the Fincas of Gillermo Ribera, José Maria Rivera and Florencio Cornejo, all three of whom have been operating with Altamirano as bandits for the past year. In the immediate vicinity of Guillermo Rivera’s finca, is where contact between Capt. Edson and Altamirano took place on March 17. The houses on both the Rivera’s fincas were burned, apparently by Capt. Edson. The house of Cornejo which is about 1 mile to the South of Rivera’s was burned by the undersigned, and all cattle were taken to my Base for use. Destroyed everything that could be used by bandits. In this vicinity is where Altamirano crosses when going north toward CUA and PASO REAL DE CUA. It is not believed that Altamirano goes into the PENA BLANCA MTS as they are barren. Returned to Base at 1700.  ¶  The following natives reported in at LA PAVONA on April 5 and 6:  ¶  (a) Ruperto Quintanilla and son Fidel who have a finca between here and GUASANARO.  ¶  (b) Victoriano Rios, who has a finca at upper PAVONA.  ¶  (c) Guillermo Garcia, his sons Miguel (23) Pantaleon (16) his wife Estauislada Vasquez and 7 large daughters and 6 small children. Garcia who is an indian has a finca near upper PAVONA.  ¶  4. Lt. Paige 10 Marines and Voluntarios with 10 days rations cleared Corinto Finca about noon April 6 and camped near CONSTANCIA for the evening.  ¶  April 7. 5. Lt. Paige and patrol arrived at SAN ANTONIO (Finca of Antonio Rivera) at about 1000 April 7.  ¶  Lt Hanneken 8 Marines Gen. Escamilla 23 Voluntarios cleared LA PAVONA at 0700 and arrived at SAN ANTONIO at 1800. Both patrols camped there for evening.  ¶  April 8. 6. Lt. Hanneken 8 Marines 20 Voluntarios cleared SAN ANTONIO at 0700 and arrived at LA PAVONA at 0900.  ¶  Lt. Paige and balance of command with rations cleared SAN ANTONIO at 0800 and will arrive at LA PAVONA about 1400. . . . "

April 8, 1929.
"Report," Lt. Hanneken, La Pavona, p. 2.   " . . . "This area is [ illegible ] quiet at present. Inhabitants are working in the Fincas, at least at the present time. ¶ 8. Manual Matute, bandit prisoner states that Altamirano crosses the TUMA River near the house of one Cesario Rivera about 2 or 3 miles North of Tuma, using trail to JUAN PALACIO, “Hacienda BONETILLA”. He goes through a coffee grove near Rivera’s house, from there he goes North into area LAS CUCHILLAS and either cuts north or east there.  ¶  LIEUT HANNEKEN  ¶  Copy to Area Comdr Northern Area.  ¶  NOTE: Have returned to LA PAVONA to base as there is very poor water at SAN ANTONIO. ¶ Hanneken."

April 8, 1929.
"Patrol Report," Gunnery Sergeant William A. Lee, Jinotega, p. 1.   "Cleared Jinotega 10:10 am with 8 Marines and 73 armed natives for St. Fe. Arrived St. Fe 3:30 pm Feb. 5. No information.  ¶  Feb. 7: Cleared St. Fe for San Antonio. Passed La Lajas 11:30 am marked by planes. Arrived 5:30 pm. People here are Sandinistas. Show dislike for us.  ¶  Feb. 8: Camp San Antonio 4 small patrols are looking over the section. People are scared of us and do not know anything. Found two US horses shot one and taking other along.  ¶  Feb. 9: Cleared San Antonio passed Marine Graves and ambush 5 mi north on trail to Monte Christo. Have two squads in brush as flanks so am traveling slow. Found fresh camp at Monte Christo. We crossed river Rio Grande for mt top following trail. Bandits cleared camp about 10 minutes before. We fired on 4 that were left as rear guards as they took to the brush. No one hit. They scattered in a north and westernly direction. We slip the force one going to Rica Bajo other to Rico Rivas. No bandits were found. We learned later they gathered at a point 1/2 southwest of Rica Bajo and went to La Pavona. Captured one of gang Ines Chavarria he said Sandino was president of this section. He had a food station for bandits and is the whiz of the macer [juez de mesta] by Sandino’s appointment he finds the people and carries out orders given him. Abram Centeno Sandino’s runner was at his house on 7th he wouldn’t tell the purpose he told us Pedro Blandon and Florencio Davila were the ones that killed Marines at San Antonio and that they have a little machine gun and that they were going to kill all white faces.  ¶  Feb. 10: Camped in Rico Rivas on Main trail to Constancia. Patrols scouting this section. There is a good trail from here to Pantasma south and east. No bandits seen. Other patrol at Rica Bajo burned Pedro Blandon’s house. No bandits seen in that section. We finished Chavarrias at 10:15 am.  ¶  Feb. 11: Cleared for Constancia. Joined other patrol from Rico Bajo at 10:30. All houses vacated in Constancia on information went on to Placo 3 mi south of Cocoa at St. Rita. Runner came in with note bandits in La Pavona north of San Antonio.  ¶  Feb. 12: Scouted this section to the Cocoa. There is good trail east of San Cruz and other to Ochoa west. Sent runner to Quilali no good information there. Heard one bomb and machine gun fire from Planes south east of Quilali. I thought it best to return . . . "

April 8, 1929.
"Patrol Report," Gunnery Sergeant William A. Lee, Jinotega, p. 2.   " . . . [south on] information.  ¶  Feb. 13: Cleared Placo for Rico Bajo. Burned the 15 houses of Ismael Peralta and Florencio Davila two of them had ammunition in them. Found bandit camp within 200 yds of each house there must have over 200 men here at one time less than a month ago. I believe it was the gang that turned in at Honduras.  ¶  Feb. 14: Camped at Rico Rio. Planes dropped information bandits in mts 10 mi north of Yali 4:15 pm patrols returned found bandits camp vacant 1 mi east of here Rio Bajo. I believe Davila's house here is food station for bandits he had on hand 300 lbs salt and plenty of corn and coffee and has nothing to say to us.  ¶  Feb. 15: Cleared for La Pavona one patrol going south east by way of Monte Christo other south west by way of Qualicia to meet in upper La Pavona at 12:30 pm. Bandits cleared town on our arrival for mts north and west of town. We follow them until 8:00 pm they scattered in mts it was impossible to get contact. All men in La Pavona are with them Jose Leon Diaz is chief Pedro Blandon second they about 50 men two machine guns and one st. Rifles and ammunition. We cannot get a good report on all say they are all armed.  ¶  Feb. 16: We patrolled mts here for distance of 5 mi in the brush. Bandits have split and gone north. Jose Leon Diaz slept house upper La Pavona Feb 11 guarded by 15 men and 2 machine guns Canco Monson is whiz the Macer [juez de mesta] here appointed by Sandino and is the only authority here. He took to the brush on our arrival we burned his house on 17th.  ¶  Feb. 17: We beat the brush around mts of La Pavona until sun down no results. Bandits are north.  ¶  Feb. 18: Cleared for Yali arrived 11:30 pm. Sir it is my opinion that this is a bandit section the people here are aiding them. We have moved all families to Yali and San Rafael telling that the planes are going to bomb and kill all that are left behind. I am giving them two days to clear out. Then am going back through there and clear house right. Bandits work Pantasma, Quilali and Points to the south and west from this area. It is a high broken mountainous country own and controlled by Sandino there are no Gov. Officials here. All houses have families and pay a bounty on their lives to bandits gangs. Sandino is north of Cocoa River. Signed: William A. Lee."

April 8, 1929.
"Voluntarios," 2nd Lt. M. L. Dawson, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal.   "1. I assumed military control over one half of General Caldera’s column on or about 3 March, 1929, and proceeded to Rempujon. This force consisted of: Colonel Esguerro, Colonel Morales, Captain Lopez and forty-seven enlisted voluntarios. All these men were from teams in the vicinity of Managua. The group of voluntarios operating under me were lacking in discipline, they were not versed in the arts of military warfare, and they lacked the health and stamina which are needed to successfully conduct sustained operations in the field. At this time they had been in the field about one month and both officers and men had lost the enthusiasm which marked the first few weeks they were in the service of the Nicaraguan Government.  ¶  2. Before we had been in the Rempujon-Mina California area two weeks they had lost all interest in the campaign and were anxious to return to their homes. Their morale was so low that it was a common occurrence for the officers to strike and beat their men in order to obtain even reluctant obedience. The troop commanders, Morales and Lopez, were as much at fault as their men because they often wrangled with their commanding officer, Colonel Esguerro, and at times refused to obey his orders. The attitude of Morales and Lopez is clearly shown by the fact that on the sixteen combat patrols which I took out from the base camp, I was accompanied once by Morales and twice by Lopez. Esguerro did more than his share of the patrolling and was always willing to go out. One cannot imagine such conditions existing in any modern military force and it is needless to say that no force in which such conditions do exist can successfully carry on sustained operations against any type of enemy.  ¶  M. L. DAWSON."

April 8, 1929.
"Armed Volunteer Force of Nicaraguans," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal.   "1. I recommend the use of the Voluntarios be discontinued.  ¶  2. Sufficient argument to justify such a recommendation must be found in the fact that the Guardia National should constitute the armed forces of the Nicaraguan Government. There seems no place in the scheme for an orphan organization. The same work being performed by the Voluntarios can well be taken over by the Guardia should they be increased correspondingly in strength. The Guardia is non-political. In a country where people are so violent in their political views this is of extreme importance. A military force with at least some semblance of organization and discipline, and with a clear cut mission is one thing; groups of natives recruited solely from one political party and thrown in the field without basic training in the arts of warfare are quite another. The task of directing the latter class in sustained patrolling is indeed difficult.  ¶  3. I have served continuously with the Voluntarios for over two months. The territory we have patrolled is a matter of record, likewise our accomplishments. I have only praise for the stamina exhibited by the majority time after time. However, in no instance have we accomplished anything in the nature of eliminating banditry in Nueva Segovia that one-half or three-fourths the same number of Marines could not have accomplished equally well or better. I cannot refrain from adding my opinion that the Volunteer Force is partisan. Composed entirely of Liberals who still seem to think they are at war with the Conservatives, it has been difficult at times for the Area Commanders military representative to prevent minor acts against inhabitants holding opposite political views. This is an unhealthy situation and one which in time will foster hatred, distrust, and suspicion instead of loyalty to country.  ¶  GEO. F. STOCKES"

April 9, 1929.
"Voluntarios, efficiency of," 1st Endorsement, Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 1.   "1. Forwarded.  ¶  2. There is being submitted in connection with the attached report, a report of somewhat similar nature by Lieutenant M. L. Dawson, U.S. Marine Corps. It is requested that one be considered in connection with the other.  ¶  3. My impressions of the Voluntarios, as set forth herein, have been formed from observation, and from conversation with the American officers dealing directly with the Voluntarios and with the Voluntario’s officers themselves. My conclusion is that the Voluntarios are the finest inspiration for future revolutions in Nicaragua that anyone can possibly put forth. They hope to create support of the Government by instilling fear: they are actually developing a hatred that ultimately must challenge the forces of the administration to maintain itself. My recommendation is that they be done away with and that there be no future native military, or partly military, forces put into the field except such as are developed and trained under direct and immediate control of the Guardia National.  ¶  4. In the first analysis I find no patriotic motives behind the activities of the present force of Voluntarios. I find an unhealthy and a most objectionable principle, that the party now in power must so deal with its political opponents that, in future, the opposing party, may be so reduced numerically that there will be no doubt as to the outcome of any free and fair election.  ¶  5. In connection with General Flores, the present native commander of armed forces in this area, I cannot disillusion him of the fixed impression he betrays at all times that Conservatives must be eliminated. He delights in reverting to the surrender at Tipitapa and stressing the alleged fact that Liberals were in every way honorable and complying with the terms of the compact while the Conservatives were lying and dishonorable in carrying out their part. General Flores cannot discuss any subject without intentionally injecting the question on the merits of the two parties. His mind is poisoned beyond hope of correction. In conversation he heaps abuse upon abuse upon the opposing political party individually and collectively, and yet his acts which are not made part of the attached letter, prove him to be even worse than those whom he castigates. He knows no superior but the . . . "

April 9, 1929.
"Voluntarios, efficiency of," 1st Endorsement, Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 2.   " . . . President. He cannot subordinate himself to American control, and though professing to realize that he is responsible to the Area Commander for his acts, it requires more time and effort to keep him in line and to prevent him from committing acts of abuse and deception than is given to any other phrase of combined action between Marines and Voluntarios.  ¶  6. General Flores’s followers work entirely on the personal equation. They can follow him but no other leader without his consent. He boasts of a wonderful system of espionage set up to gain information against Conservatives and when once he has received information against such person, or imagines he has, he constitutes himself a court and decides to and does employ the force at his disposal to execute his own judgment. In my opinion he does not differ from any who might be selected and willing to fill the position he now occupies. His followers are, as stated by Captain Stockes, the ragtail and bob-tail of the Nicaraguan lower class totally lacking any element of military or other education, and capable only of bringing about a reign of terror. His motives always have an ulterior object. His personnel is despised and held up to ridicule by enlisted Guardia and civilian population generally.  ¶  7. It seems to me to be the best interest of the Guardia, and of the country as a whole, that the Voluntarios be mustered out and I so recommend.  ¶  J. A. ROSSELL."

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 1.   "1. Conference at Los Manos, Honduras on April 6, 1929, between representatives of Honduras and representatives of Lieutenant Colonel Rossell, Commanding Marines, Northern Area, Western Nicaragua.  ¶  OBJECT:  Seek ways and means for better cooperation between the armed forces operating along the frontier, Nicaragua-Honduras, in pursuit of bandit groups.  ¶  PRESENT: Captain George F. Stockes, U.S. Marine Corps, for Lieutenant Colonel Rossell.  ¶  First Lieutenant John Hamas, Guardia Nactional, Commanding Guardia detachment at Los Manos.  ¶  General Felipe F. Flores, Jefe Voluntario group operating under Captain Stockes. ¶ Señor Don José B. Henrique, Sub-Secretary of Gobernacion of Honduras.  ¶  General José A. Sanchez, Jefe Expeditionary, Honduran troops operating on the border between Pedregalito and Cifuentes with headquarters at Yuscaran, Honduras. ¶ General José B. Mendoza, Jefe Expeditionary, Honduran troops operating on the border between Pedregalito and Gulf of Fonseca with headquarters at San Marcos, Honduras.  ¶  Captain José Espinoza, Interpreter.  ¶  Conference opened at 1:50 p.m. Captain Stockes made the following statement:  ¶  ‘Gentlemen it is with great pleasure I greet you, I am privileged to represent Colonel Rossell, Commanding Officer, Northern Area at this conference. Please be assured that the Marine Corps has only one motive in mind, the pursuit and elimination of bandit groups along the frontier. With this and in view we ask your active cooperation. You are undoubtedly well informed of existing bandit conditions in the immediate vicinity. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 2.   " . . . In my capacity as Commanding Officer of troops accompanying the Voluntario force I had a conference with General Mendoza at Espino on March 24th. Carlos Salgado with his group was then in Honduras, located between Calpules and Duyure. General Mendoza and I agreed to operate actively along the border between Espino and El Poste, and to keep each other informed of the changing situation. General Mendoza assured me he would fight the bandits whenever he found them in Honduras and follow them day and night after once gaining contact.  ¶  I returned to Somoto well pleased at the result of our conference. Here at last, at least on the face of it, was complete understanding. I determined to leave Somoto at once, to patrol thoroughly the Nicaraguan side of the frontier, and, in case the bandits crossed over to Honduras, to camp opposite and await action on the part of the Honduran troops. I had assured General Mendoza that if necessary we could operate ninety days without returning to our home station.  ¶  As far north as Calpules we (General Mendoza and I) operated as had been agreed upon. Here cooperation on the part of Honduras ceased. Why? The campaign was just beginning, and Salgado, as General Mendoza well knew, had retreated North along the border. He entered Pedregalito, Honduras, and then moved east in Honduran Territory until he effected a junction with Ortez, who, I am in a position to truthfully say without fear of contradiction on the part of any one, had established himself near Los Limas, Honduras. Here along the frontier Ortez received untold support from Honduras. I will later lay before you indisputable proof that he has lived off and on in Los Manos, Honduras, for over one month.  ¶  Since leaving Calpules March 28th. we have awaited the cooperation that was promised by General Mendoza.  ¶  Señor Don Henrique replied:  ‘I have listened with much attention to your talk. I know the great government of the United States, a government founded on truth, is a sincere and honest establishment. I also know you are determined to capture the bandits or drive them out. At the same time the campaign you are conducting – I refer to your aviators – is destructive. The Government of Honduras – the government of Doctor Mejia Colindres, wanted to cooperate; at the same time we want a frank understanding of your policy and your intentions. I want to lay before Colonel Rossell the fact that we stand ready to defend our frontier against invasion. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 3.   " . . . We are sincere guardians of our frontier. We are proud of our sovereignty. We stand ready to guard our frontier against any bandit group which may inflict damage. (Here Captain Stockes interrupted interpreter, Captain Espinoza and had him repeat the 1st part – 'inflict damage'). On the 31st of March the aviators bombed Los Limas, Honduras, which is located very near the border, across from Brujil. The damage insofar as pertains to material was not great; one small house was destroyed along with two coffee places. One bomb failed to explode. You can see it now if you visit that place. I want to ask that the work of eliminating bandits be conducted without the use of airplanes. I request that the Air Service do not operate on the frontier. (Here Don José gives names of persons whose property was affected.) I have no complaint against your patrols, only against the Air Service. We must with great zeal guard our frontier. I am sorry you accuse individuals and repeat the actual Government of Doctor Mejia Colindres is frank and sincere. Perhaps there are individuals in Honduras who aid Sandino; the Government does not. From today on a different situation will exist, for Generals Sanchez and Mendoza are charged by me with disarming all groups who penetrate and inflict damage in Honduras.'  ¶  Captain Stockes talking:  'Were there any people killed in the air attack you have cited?'  ¶  Señor Henrique:  'No. I might say that my principal complaint against the Air Corps is the fright occasioned upon their approach. Their appearance prevents people from carrying out their daily work. They are afraid of airplanes.'  ¶  Captain Stockes:  I am sorry that I cannot shed any light on the airplane incident at Los Limas. I know nothing whatever of the circumstances. On that date my column was at Pedregulito, some fifteen miles west of Los Limas. I am sure Colonel Rossell will fully investigate. Perhaps there are mistakes occasionally made relative the boundary line. As far as my column, which includes the Voluntarios, is concerned, I can assure you that not one shot has been fired on Honduran territory, nor have any inhabitants of your country been molested.'  ¶  Señor Henirque:  'I have no complaints whatever against foot troops. General Mendoza has told me of your reputation for honesty, but I must again request you to better control the aviators in order that our people may not be unduly excited and that we may work in peace. We must zealously guard our frontier.'  ¶  Captain Stockes:  'Talk is one thing; action is another. The Area Commander seeks real action. I refer you to the letter of instructions Doctor Mejia Colindres, your President, after taking office, addressed to the Jefe of troops of this zone. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 4.   ": . . . I feel that the government of Honduras is sincere and I ask your indulgence, if I seem to convey another meaning, as I do not so intend. That is why I have just mentioned the letter issued personally by your President. Have those instructions been complied with: Pending contradiction I answer the question in the negative. Did he not charge General Reina to not only eliminate active bandits, but their agents as well? Was a real attempt made to do this? I believe I recall one paragraph in which he specifically directed certain border villages be closely watched. Danili, Paraiso and Suyatal were mentioned if I am not mistaken. You say bandit groups who inflict damage in Honduras will be attached and driven out. Your frontier is a hot bed of propaganda, and a hiding place in emergency for bandits. A cut-throat or a fugitive from justice must always seek some haven of refuge and when he is located it is hardly to be expected he will turn against his benefactor. Honduras has not suffered as a result of banditry in Nicaragua. Without appearing boastful let me add, I know the frontier from Cinco Pinos to San Pablo, in fact I know every yard of that frontier – 250 miles, more or less, probably more by trail on the Nicaraguan side. If you could see the waste and desolation along the Nicaraguan frontier perhaps then we would be better able to follow each other. From Oyote to Las Manos what have we? Why go into details?  ¶  Are you able to truthfully say the frontier of Honduras has suffered? I admire and respect the thrift of the Hondurans along the border. If this apparent prosperity is at the expense of your sister Republic, what then? You infer that your government is not responsible for the acts of private citizens. I submit that when that citizen is an official of the government nothing could be farther from the truth. To quote you 'Governments are in the majority based on frankness and sincerity'. I add there are two roads and governments like individuals, may choose either; the one of honesty, and the other the one of treachery, deception and baseness, which springs from the machinery of the brain.  ¶  As we must assume responsibility for the actions of our subordinates, our patrols, our air service, so must the government of Honduras assume the responsibility for the acts of their border officials.  ¶  I have definite and concrete proof of aid rendered, shelter furnished, etc., to the Ortez and Salgado groups by border officials of your country. What about Ortez? A real influence in banditry in Neuva Segovia. Are you going to again permit him to live in Los Manos at the house of Alexandro Valladarez as he did during part of last month? We now know that during this time one-half of his men were camped on the hill about 2000 yards from where we now are, in Honduras; the other half under Ferboni Valquedano on the hill overlooking Suyatal. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 5.   " . . . We seek real cooperation. Time after time Marines have chased bandit groups across the border into Honduras. With our withdrawal the bandits have invariably returned. (Here Captain Stockes cites specific incidents of which he has personal knowledge.)  ¶  Señor Henrique: 'I am sorry that you feel they hide in my country. There has been propaganda. Many of our people are ignorant. I promise active cooperation, but, the Air Service should be withdrawn. An aviator may well mistake the actual frontier. The damage in money is slight in most cases. In the case cited it is very small, but my people along the frontier do not understand that the Air Service is acquainted with real conditions. They think they may be bombed at any moment, therefore, are afraid to show themselves when airplanes can be heard. I again repeat that Generals Sanchez and Mendoza will in the future keep the frontier free from bandit groups.  ¶  We are proud of our friendship with the United States, and with Nicaragua. This friendship is based on frankness and understanding.  ¶  Captain Stockes: '(Cited the history of Marine Corps activities in Nicaragua: the Sandinista propaganda circulated in Honduras, the apparent dislike, for some unknown reason, of the 'gringos').  ¶  General Sanchez: 'With the permission of the Minister of Gobernacion I would like to say a few words. I am Jefe Expeditionary between Pedregalito and the North. ¶ When I was assigned to this position the President, Doctor Colindres charged me with disarming all bandits that entered my territory. Since assuming office I have made an effort to carry out his instructions. ¶ Since 5 March 1929, I have taken into custody and disarmed the following bandit Jefes:  ¶  General Porfirio Sanchez H.  ¶  General Jose Lagos. ¶  Colonel Rufino Ramirez.  ¶  Colonel Pastor Ramirez.  ¶  I was taken sick on March 15th and turned over my column to my second in command, Colonel Flores. I am sorry to say that he made reports that no bandits could be found in Honduras along the frontier. I was called from the sick list on March 21st., having received a telegram from Teguoigalpa to pursue the bandits. So you see my campaign actually started on April 1st, only six days ago. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 6.   " . . . On the morning of April 1st. I learned that Salgado with about 50 men was in camp near Alauca. I left Yuscaran at once with 100 men to attack him. The next morning April 2nd, I learned from one of my agents Salgado had disbanded, but seemingly not for good for I received information he had hid his arms and ammunition in the mountains nearby. Further information was received by a spy that this cache of munitions was near Los Partidas. This was confirmed, so at 9:30 a.m. April 3rd, I arrived and located the hiding place. I took into custody the following arms, etc., which are now in my possession:  ¶ 15 Rifles, Con Con.  ¶  4 Rifles, Mauser  ¶ 12 Rifles, Springfields. (Krags)  ¶  9 Rifles, Enfume. (7M)  ¶  1 Machine Gun, Lewis.  ¶  7 Drums, Lewis M. G. Filled.  ¶  27 Bombs.  ¶  46 Detonators.  ¶  27 Sacks for carrying cartridges.  ¶  398 Rounds, Ammunition, Krag.  ¶  58 Rounds, Ammunition, Mauser  ¶  11 Rounds, Ammunition, Enfume.  ¶  80 Rounds, Ammunition, Con Con.  ¶  850 Rounds, Ammunition, Springfield, Caliber 30.  ¶  A large quantity of dynamite.  ¶  Salgado is in hiding. He is through with banditry. The last report placed him near El Perecol, Honduras. His men are drifting back to the vicinity of their homes. We will be bothered no more by Salgado, and I will chase Ortez from Honduras.  ¶  Señor Henrique: 'A man may be denounced and still be innocent. I hate to believe that Hondurans living so near to the border, and to your forces, are guilty of giving aid to the bandits.'  ¶  Captain Stockes:  'The practice of one person denouncing another is undoubtedly a product of Central American politics. Lieutenant Hamas, General Flores and myself will turn over to you certain names of persons living in Los Manos and other sections of Honduras who we believe guilty of giving aid to the bandits. Except in the case of Alexandro Valladarez and Gavino Gallindo of Los Manos I am personally not positive of guilt. I feel the two named are without doubt really and truly guilty. At any rate we turn over the entire list to you for such investigation and action as you consider advisable in the premises. . . . "

April 10, 1929.
"Conference Report," Capt. George F. Stockes, Ocotal, to Col. Rossell, Ocotal, p. 7.   " . . . General Mendoza:  'It seems to me that what has been said here today is of extreme importance and should be a matter of record. General Sanchez, after April 1st, was the ranking Jefe of forces. My government placed him in charge. That is why I did not come further north. We should feel gratified at having such a fine companion as the Jefe of Marines, whose men it is said live on tortillas and beans. I pledge my word to keep my district free from bandits.'  ¶  Captain Stockes:  'It is hoped our talk here today will produce better understanding. We want to work in harmony with Honduran patrols. General Flores and Lieutenant Hamas will now present certain information relative people residing in Honduras who we believe guilty.  ¶  General Flores and Lieutenant Hamas turned over list to Señor Henrique.  ¶  Conference adjourned at 4:00 p.m.  ¶  GEO. F. STOCKES."

April 10, 1929.
"Voluntarios, efficiency of," 3rd Endorsement, Jefe Director General D. C. McDougal.   "1. Returned, contents noted.  ¶  2. The present plan to increase the Guardia to 2200 enlisted will make it possible to eliminate the Voluntarios. I believe that this should be done as early as possible by the discharge of the Voluntarios as fast as Guardia units can be placed in the Northern Area.  ¶  3. The danger which I see in the Voluntarios is the formation of a Liberal army which can be used against the interests in the Guardia by making it appear that the Guardia is unable to do this duty, thereby nullifying the paragraph in the Agreement submitted by the State Department which in substance states that the Guardia shall be the sole military and police force in Nicaragua. The Voluntarios presence, as a violation of the spirit of the Agreement, permits also the use of Hacienda Guards which it is desired to eliminate. The fact that the Voluntarios are Liberal and prone to make reprisals on Conservatives is another bad feature. The rate of pay of the Voluntarios being greater than the Guardia makes it difficult to make enlistments in sections where they operate. Also, the money being expended for them would support a larger number of Guardia and also reduces the National Treasury from which funds for the support of the Guardia are obtained. ¶ D. C. McDOUGAL."

April 11, 1929.
"Volunteers — Escamilla's Column," Lt. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, to Brigade Commander, p. 1.   "Reference: Letter Brigade Comdr. Dated April 10, 1929  ¶  1. The following are the views of the undersigned regarding subject matter.  ¶  (a) Their value in past and present operations.  ¶  It has created the desired effect of ‘morale in numbers’, which apparently has been lacking previously; in the past the bandits who were generally together in bands of thirty to fifty did not fear the patrols of thirty or so Marines who were out in various areas, but with a force of one hundred and twenty five Voluntarios and Marines moving together, giving formidable appearance, it has created a state of fear in the supporters of the bandits, and also in the small bands, of being surrounded and wiped out; and has caused them to quit or to keep moving. From information obtained from Andres Lopez, the bandit spy, who was executed in Onconguas, it appeared that the presence of our force in the Chipote and Oconguas Areas has caused the natives who had been furnishing supplies to the bandits in the vicinity of those areas to get out and to go the San Juan de Telepaneca district to report in.  ¶  It has caused the capture of more spies and prisoners, who carried along in our column gave cause for fear to any other native supporters or spies. These captures being caused by the fact that as . . . "

April 11, 1929.
"Volunteers — Escamilla's Column," Lt. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, to Brigade Commander, p. 2.   " . . . many as four patrols could be sent out at one time.  ¶  It has caused Pedron Altamirano, who from information given by Manuel Matute (bandit Spy), was in the Bentilla Mts. at the time of our arrival at Oconguas, to leave immediately with his band, his women (six in number), and two sons and go South into areas that have been peaceful heretofore. It is my belief that he will not return north again.  ¶  In all patrols sent out the Voluntarios have acted as advance and rear guards with the Marines as the main body; this formation decreasing the possibilities of Marine casualties from any ambush. (This value alone is worth the presence of the Voluntarios in the field.)  ¶  The presence of Voluntarios in the field diminishes the ration allowance of the bandits.  ¶  So far we have had no contact due to the lack of any opposition or continued presence of bandits in any locality. It is therefore not possible to give this value in case of a contact, but I am certain they will give a good account of themselves.  ¶  (b) Necessity of their continued use.  ¶  There is at the present time no real necessity for their continued use. . . . "

April 11, 1929.
"Volunteers — Escamilla's Column," Lt. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, to Brigade Commander, p. 3.   " . . . (c) Desirability as to their continued use.  ¶  It is very desirable to have the Volunteers continue operations in the field for several more months, for its morale effect and reasons stated under (a).  ¶  2. General Views.  ¶  The success of the combined operations of Marines and Volunteers requires above all the whole hearted and harmonious cooperation of the officer in command of the Volunteers with the Commanding Officer of Marines. All orders or commands to the Volunteers are given to the Commanding Officer thereof. The campsite of Marines and Volunteers are kept separate thereby abolishing any racial enmity and causing less opportunity for friction.  ¶  It is my earnest belief that the Guardia Nacional should be sent out to operate with Marines in place of the Voluntarios, for the following reasons:  ¶  1) That it has given rise to fears in the populace as to the effectiveness of the Guardia.  ¶  2) That the Volunteers state the Guardia and its members are no good.  ¶  3) That when the Volunteers return to Managua they will claim the credit for stopping banditry and spread information of the uselessness of the Guardia. . . . "

April 11, 1929.
"Volunteers — Escamilla's Column," Lt. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, to Brigade Commander, p. 4.   " . . . 4) That the reason that the Guardia is not trained and should be well trained before taking the field is in error, because the Voluntarios are not trained and are doing their work. It is well to have them trained, but it is better for its moral effect on the population to have the Guardia out in the field untrained in place of the Voluntarios than to have the Guardia trained and then find no necessity for their use in the field because the bandit situation has been cleared with the help of the Voluntarios.  ¶  5) The volunteers, who are all Liberals, are prejudiced against the Conservatives.  ¶  H. H. Hanneken"

April 12, 1929.
"Unsatisfactory conditions on Nicaraguan-Honduran border," Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell to Brigade Commander, p. 1.   " . . . Reference: (a) Report of Conference with Honduran officials, dated April 10, 1929, by Capt. C. F. Stockes, U.S.M.C.  ¶  (b) Telegram of Gen. José A. Sanchez, Expeditionary Chief of Yuscaran, Honduras.  ¶  Enclosures: (2) Copy of reference (a) and (b). ¶  1. Inviting attention to enclosures, the following facts and circumstances regarding above subject matter are submitted for the information of the Brigade Commander:  ¶  (a) It is a well-established fact that a large percentage of the bandit forces now operating in Nicaragua cross the border into Honduras practically at will. Positive proof is available to show that bandit groups have on numerous occasions filed across into that country when hard pressed by our troops, thus effectively frustrating our efforts to eliminate organized outlawry.  ¶  (b) General José A. Sanchez, senior officer of the Honduran border patrol, and Juan B. Henriquez, Sub-Secretario de Gobernacion, leave it to be inferred in reference (b) that their government is unable to cope with the border situation.  ¶  KNOWN CASES OF BANDIT GROUPS CROSSING BORDER  ¶  2. The following instances where outlaw forces crossed the border to escape Marine patrols are cited in substantiation of sub-paragraph (a) above: . . . "

April 12, 1929.
"Unsatisfactory conditions on Nicaraguan-Honduran border," Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell to Brigade Commander, p. 2.   " . . . (a) After contact with a Marine patrol at Las Palancas on August 17, 1928, Ortez and Maldonado with about 40 men fled into Honduras, passing through Calpules. They remained in Honduras, between Calpules, Nicaragua, and Duyure, Honduras, until the Marines were withdrawn.  ¶  (b) Salgado with about 75 men crossed the border into Honduras, near Santa Emilia on October 25, 1928, to escape Marine patrols under Lt. Cartwright and Lt. Schubert.  ¶  (c) Both Salgado and Ortez with their forces fled into Honduras to escape the Stockes-Caldera column which operated in Northwestern Segovia Feb. 4th to 12th, 1929. Both bandit groups passed through Pedregalito, Honduras, informing the Commandant there that they were going to [?] to seek amnesty. The Commandant of Arms, Alauca, Honduras, was so informed by the local Commandant of Pedregalito.  ¶  (d) When trapped by patrols from Somoto, Pueblo Nuevo, San Juan de Limay and Somotillo, Salgado crossed the border into Honduras West of El Angel, on or about 15 March, 1929. He then moved North, using Honduras territory most of the way, and established himself between Calpules and Duyure, on Honduran soil.  ¶  (e) During the recent combined military operations in Northwestern Segovia, both Salgado and Ortez crossed the border with their forces and established themselves West of Las Manos, in Honduras. With our various columns camped on the border opposite the bandit groups, and after repeated requests on Honduran officials for appropriate action, Salgado’s men were recovered from a cache where they have been hidden. All bandit forces escaped.  ¶  3. PERTINENT CIRCUMSTANCES.  ¶  (a) President Colindres has refused permission for Marine patrols to enter the disputed territory in pursuit of bandits. This is considered one of the problem hiding places of Sandino at the present time. Unconfirmed information is to the effect that the political record of President Colindres, as well as that of some of his cabinet members, has been consistently anti-American.  ¶  (b) Information, received confidentially but believed reliable, is available indicating that controlling members of the Liberal Party of Honduras entered into agreement with Sandino prior to the last election in that country, regarding a projected revolution in case the Liberals (Honduras) were defeated at the polls. . . . "

April 12, 1929.
"Unsatisfactory conditions on Nicaraguan-Honduran border," Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell to Brigade Commander, p. 3.   " . . . "(c) Honduras has not suffered from banditry in Nicaragua along her frontier. To the contrary, it is persistently reported that many of the outlaws who plunder Nicaraguan property are Hondurans. The local Commandant of Pedregalito, Honduras, admitted to Captain Stockes that about four-fifths of the members of Salgado’s group which was disbanded near Alauca on April 1st were Hondurans.  ¶  (d) It is variously reported that many of the Honduran border officials are sympathetic toward Sandino. Known facts tend of substantiate this. Gen. Mendoza, Expeditionary Chief of San Marcos, who commands the border from Pedregalito to the Gulf of Fonesca, admits an old friendship with Salgado. Gen. José A. Sanchez, Expeditionary Chief of Yuscaran who commands the border patrol from Pedregalito to Cifuentes, is declared by responsible persons to be a cousin of Porfirio Sanchez, Ex-Chief-of-Staff to Sandino. It may be said that Gen. Sanchez is, ostensibly, endeavoring to cooperate at the present time. However, it is known that Ortez lived for approximately one month, prior to April 6, 1929, in the house of Alejandro Vallodarez in Las Manos. The same Vallodarez is now reported on good authority to be under the alias of Ramon Rodriguez, serving as an officer of the Honduran border patrol under Gen. Mendoza. Vallodarez is also the employer of Sabino Galindo, a known agent for Ortez in Las Manos.  ¶  (e) It is variously and persistently declared that bandit jefes enter Honduras on missions for Sandino unmolested. Quesada is known to have spent a large part of the past three months in Danli, Honduras. According to the statement of Gen. José A. Sanchez, the bandit jefes, Porfirio Sanchez, José Lagos, Rufino Ramirez and Pastor Ramirez recently entered Honduras and were granted amnesty. Porfirio Sanchez is quoted as saying that he will return to Sandino as soon as he has a rest and collects a supply of ammunition. No known action has been taken by Honduran officials against Ramon Raudales, bandit supply agent at Danli, nor against the German, Rossner, of Tegucigalpa and Danli, who purchased the gold which Sandino looted from the mines in the Pis Pis area.  ¶  (f) Attention is invited to the statement of Sr. Henriquez, Sub-Secretario de Gobernacion of Honduras, as reported on page number three of reference (a) as follows: ‘we stand ready to guard our frontier against any bandit group which may inflict damage’. All information is to the effect that the bandit groups do not commit depredations against Honduran property because, inferentially, that country is their asylum.  ¶  (g) Whether as a diplomatic gesture or not, various complaints have recently been received from the Honduran government about Marine patrols allegedly crossing the border. . . . "

April 12, 1929.
"Unsatisfactory conditions on Nicaraguan-Honduran border," Northern Area Commander Colonel J. A. Rossell to Brigade Commander, p. 4.   " . . . The following facts are cited for future reference in this particular:  ¶  (1) An armed patrol of Honduran troops crossed the border into Nicaragua near Totecasinte, Nicaragua, on September 22, 1928, as reported by the Commanding officer, Jalapa.  ¶  (2) The Commandant of Cifuentes, Honduras, with an armed patrol was found on Nicaraguan territory near Totecasinte, Nicaragua, and disarmed by Lt. Davis, G.N., on October 21, 1928.  ¶  (3) Gen. José B. Mendoza, Expeditionary Chief of San Marcos, Honduras, with an armed patrol was on Nicaraguan territory near Pedregalito, on April 7, 1929. This was reported by Lt. Hakala.  ¶  (h) The present strength of the Honduran border patrol is about 230 men.  ¶   RECOMMENDATIONS  ¶  (a) That appropriate steps be taken in an endeavor to induce the Honduran government to establish and maintain an efficient border patrol, adequate to prevent bandits who operate in Nicaragua from taking refuge in Honduras.  ¶  (b) That as soon as practicable, Guardia Garrisons be established at strategic points along the border to prevent bandits from crossing the international boundary line at convenient and regularly used places.  ¶  (c) That as a local measure, the Voluntarios under Gen. Flores be disbanded. In addition to other reasons heretofore communicated to the Brigade Commander, both Gen. Mendoza and Gen. Sanchez of the Honduran border patrol permitted Captain Stockes to infer that they do not trust Flores. Under such circumstances, the Voluntarios are not and have not been, under Flores, an asset in securing cooperation with Honduran border officials.  ¶  J.A. ROSSELL"

April 12, 1929.
"Perseguido de Cerca," La Tribuna (Managua).   "El rebelde José León Díaz que tuvo que salir de Yalí, huyendo de la persecución de las tropas del general Plata, se halla, según noticias obtenidas por el gobierno, en una hacienda cercana a Jinotega; ya se hizo salir a una patrulla de hombres de aquella cabecera a perseguirlo.  ¶  EN DIPILTO  ¶  El general Felipe T. Flores salió antier de Ocotal para Dipilto con un regular número de tropas a realizar una inspección general en la vecindades del mencionado lugar."

April 14, 1929.
"Por el Gral. Flores," La Tribuna (Managua).   "El General Felipe T. Flores, que salió antier de Ococtal con dirección a Dipilto, capturó en el camino a 16 hombres, 8 armados con machetes y 8 con rifles. Pertenecían a la columna del rebel de Ortez, y dos de ellos formaban parte del grupo de 4 que dieron muerte al Juez local de Dipilto, Anastasio Zamora."

Notes & Comments:  On the life & death of Anastasio Zamora in Dipilto, see the TOP 100 PAGE 34 and the prison testimonies of the notorious Conservative Chamorrista gang leaders Anastasio Hernández and José Eulalio Torres, in GANGS.  There was something very convoluted going on here. It seems entirely possible that Zamora was killed by men operating under Flores.  The report claims that the 16 men "captured" by Flores were the subgroup of EDSN General Miguel Angel Ortéz that had killed Zamora, a claim that in the end seems highly dubious.

April 15, 1929.
"Statement of Jesus Vasquez," Lt. H. Hanneken, p. 1.   "That Santos Vasquez, bandit jefe, under Pedron, is his cousin; Nicolas Davilla is Jefe Spy and provision provider for bandits in that area; and that Davila moves about from one Finca to another, obtains all information and organizes the provision supply when Pedron is in this area. That Pedron often passes by home of Santos Vasquez to Sixto Gutierrez house at La Pita to his (Vasquez) house to house of Basilio Contreras to fincas of Guillermo Rivera and Florensio Cornejo. That Pedron was camped for about a week at Guillermo Rivera's finca (on the southwest side of Chachagon Mts.) at the time previous to the Edson contact (Note: All the above places with the exception of Santos Vasquez have been destroyed by patrols).  ¶  He verified as bandits the list of names in my possession, which has been previously been sent in and added the names of Isabel Roche and Filiberto Hernandez and Transito Vasquez who he said was spies in this area and worked with Nicolas Davila. (Roche and Hernandez have been tried by Volunteers and executed).  ¶  That Julio Guatemala has several men working for him and the Julio and those men work together with Pedron occasionally.  ¶  The following are the sons of Jesus Vasquez:  ¶  Andreas Vasquez Age 25 years.  ¶  Julian Vasquez Age 20 Years.  ¶  Bonafacio Vasquez Age 8 Years.  ¶  That Felipe Machado of Matagalpa and Jinotega turned over to one Juan Rial at Rial Finca near La Virgen about one year ago, two rifles (Springfields) with a box containing about one thousand rounds of ammunition and instructions that Rial would be the Jefe in the La Virgen Area and that the rifles and ammunition were to be held by him for a contemplated revolution of Chamorro’s. On or about February 1st, 1929, Juan Rial together with Ermenejildo Rial, Epifanio Hernandez and Felix Hernandez and Jesus Vasquez took these rifles and ammunition and turned them over to Pedron Altamirano.  ¶  Juan Rial and Epifanio Hernandez are at present with Pedron. Ermanejildo Rial is a prisoner at Jinotega (I understand that he was captured by Marines). Felix Hernandez who is a deserter from a ranch guard and is wanted by the Jefe Politico of Jinotega, was at the house of Vasquez and was shot by the Volunteers but escaped.  ¶  (This information about Machado giving those rifles to Juan Rial is common knowledge amongst natives as Eulalio Flores, Manual Matute and Jefe Politicio all knew about it.) . . . "

April 15, 1929.
"Statement of Jesus Vasquez," Lt. H. Hanneken, p. 2.   " . . . Jesus Vasquez will be tried by Volunteer Court Martial. ¶  H. HANNEKEN.  ¶  Copy to Area Commander, Northern Area."

April 15, 1929.
"Report," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona.   " . . . 1. On April 11 a patrol under General Escamilla and 30 voluntarios burned down the house of Sebastian Montenegro, a bandit operating with Altamirano for the past year; gathered up all his cattle and brought them to our Base, to be used by Marines and Voluntarios. Montenegro’s Finca is situated 2 miles north of La Pavona. No contact.  ¶  2. On April 12, two patrols patrolled area to the west and south of here and returned, reporting no contact.  ¶  3. On April 13, Lieut. Paige 8 Marines and 25 Voluntarios cleared based at 0700 with orders to go to La Pita and spy on house of Sixto Gutierrez, and afterwards to burn same and confiscate all cattle belonging to Sixto Gutierrez. The house of Gutierrez at La Pita has been used as a center of any activities for this area. Nicolas Davila spy jefe and quartermaster in this area for Altamirano, lounged around there occasionally . ¶  4. On April 13, Lt. Jordan 8 Marines and 25 Voluntarios cleared Base and patrolled area towards Paso Real du Cua and returned reporting no contact.  ¶  5. On April 14, Lt. Paige and patrol from La Pita returned at 1400 with 3 women prisoners 7 children and reported the following: That after spying upon house for about one hour patrol approached house and made prisoners of all the occupants; after a thorough search of the house the following were found: 1 bomb, 10 dynamite caps, 5 rds of ammunition and 1 hand grenade (US). The house was burned and 20 head of cattle confiscated. No contact. The following are the prisoners:  ¶  Maxima Cano, mother of Sixto Gutierrez.  ¶  Nicolasa Coruijo, wife if Sixto Gutierrez, and 2 children of Sixto Gutierrez.  ¶  Factina Lopez and 2 children. Total 13.  ¶  6. On April 15, Lt. Jordan 11 Marines and 30 Voluntarios with a pack train and the woman prisoners mentioned in par. 6. cleared Base at 0630 for Corinto Finca to obtain 12 days rations for Marines and Voluntarios and to turn over the above prisoners.  ¶  H. HANNEKEN. 1st Lt. USMC.  ¶  Copy for : CO. Northern Area."

April 15, 1929.
"Memo for Area Commanders, Northern & Southern Areas," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona.   " . . . Reference: Letter Brigade dated April 13-19 re Altamirano ¶ 1. Above reference received on April 14 and wish to report as follows:  ¶  (a) This latest information received regarding Altamirano was from the Jefe Politico of Jinotega, dated April 13, in which he states that the Marines had a contact with Altamirano somewhere between this town and Carretera; that Altamirano recrossed the Tuma and [headed] south again. That a prisoner of the bandits escaped and [came] in at Jinotega.  ¶  (b) There is no information in this area as to Altamirano’s whereabouts at present. The natives are using main trails between here and Jinotega. I have spies at the CUCHILLAS, LA VIRGEN and CHACHAGON MTS, who are to report here immediately in case Pedron arrives.  ¶  (c) Upon receipt of some definite information will proceed against Altamirano.  ¶  (d) Upon reporting of Lt. Jordan with rations from CORINTO FINCA, will have rations up on May 1st.  ¶  (e) The Jefe Politico of JINOTEGA has been sending runners with messages, giving the latest information, the latest Nicaraguan newspapers to General Escamilla, about every other day since our arrival here. This has been helpful and is commendable.  ¶  Lt. Hanneken."

April 15, 1929.
Capture & Charges Against Isabel Rocha, Voluntario General Juan Escamilla, et al., Encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, Jinotega (English translation only), p. 1.   "At the encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, 15 April, 1929, at seven o’clock in the evening. I took the prisoner to my office and asked him his name, age, state, information and residence. He answered that he was called Isabel Rocha, 30 years of age, married, day-laborer, living at Tiosintal, department of Jinotega. On asking him what he was doing at the time of his capture he stated that he was working on his farm. I read the charges against him which stated that he was a member of a bandit column, he denied the charge. I read him the declaration made by the fiscal Señor Espinosa to which he answered that all said by his mouth was true and approved it, denying as before the first and second charge. His declaration was read to him and he was satisfied. He does not sign as he does not know how to.  ¶  M. J. COREA Pte.  ¶  DEOGRACIAS MONCADA Scrio  ¶  At the encampment, San Lorenzo, La Pavona, 15 April 1929 at eight o’clock in the evening. Appointed as defender of the prisoner the Colonel Luis Rivera Andrade, who was notified for his acceptance.  ¶  Notified in the same place, date and hour, answered, it is to be accepted.  ¶  M. J. COREA Pte  ¶  DEOGRACIAS MONCADA Scrio . . . "

April 15, 1929.
Court-Martial of Filiberto Hernandez, Voluntario General Juan Escamilla, et al., Encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, Jinotega (English translation only), p. 2.   "In this encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, 15, April, 1929, at nine o’clock in the evening. Meeting of the members for Court Martial, by order of the Volunteer expeditionary chief General Juan Escamilla, with the purpose of knowing the charges made against the prisoner Filiberto Fernandez, follow the instructions of the case and from the results it will be resolved.  ¶  M.J. Corea Pte.  ¶  D. Moncada Scrio.  ¶  In the encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, 15 April, 1929, at half past nine in the evening. Present were the Fiscal Señor Wenceslao Espinoza Garcia, who has been questioned to state the charges and all he knew in the case of the prisoner Filiberto Hernandez.  ¶  Declared:  ¶  1. That the prisoner took part in the Sandinist Banditry as an officer, helping the destruction of property, and killing with savage hand the lives of harmless people, who did not want not take part in the banditry.  ¶  2. That by the prisoners own mouth he knew the prisoner joined the files of banditry in the month of May 1928, not remembering the date of the month. The first commission he had was at 'Vaqueano' on the 'Picada' of Bocaycito to effect the capture of Maximo Guerrero, who lived in Bocaycito; and without knowing to which political band Maximo Guerrero belonged.  ¶  3. That belonged to the Sandinism, since the time he stated in the second charge, his blame of accomplice in the crime committed against the citizens Dr. Juan Carlos Mendieta, Julio Prado, Cayetano Castellon, and murdered Don Juan Lopez, crime which was committed in the valley of San Marcos, jurisdiction of Jinotega. For the reason that everything said here has been confessed by the prisoner, I ask the Tribunal to blame him, in the name of the public opinion, and the Justice of the Nicaraguan family, to apply him the capital punishment as example for banditry. ¶ This has been said and signed with me and my secretary, by:  ¶  W. Espinoza Fiscal  ¶  L. Rivera Defender  ¶  M. J. Corea Pte.  ¶  D. Moncada, Sec."

April 15, 1929.
Court-Martial of Isabel Rocha, Voluntario General Juan Escamilla, et al., Encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, Jinotega (English translation only), p. 3.   "In the encampment San Lorenzo, La Pavona, on the 15th of April, 1929, at six o’clock in the afternoon. Meeting of the members of the Court-Martial by order of the Volunteers expeditionary chief, General Juan Escamilla for the purpose of making known the charges against the prisoner, Isabel Rocha, to follow the instructions set forth in the case, and its results.  ¶  /s/ M. J. Corea. Pte.  ¶  /s/ Deogracias Moncada Scrio.  ¶  At the encampment, San Lorenzo, La Pavona, on the 15th of April, 1929, at half past six in the afternoon. The fiscal Senor Wenceslao Espinoza Garcia was present, who had been asked to state the charges and all he knew relative to the case of the prisoner, Isabel Rocha.  ¶  Declared:  ¶  1. That the prisoner formed part of Pedron’s group.  ¶  2. That the prisoner took part in the crimes committed against the citizens Dr. Juan Carlos Mendieta, Julio Prado, Cayetano Castellon and murdered Don Juan Lopez. The foregoing occurred in SAN MARCOS, jurisdiction of Jinotega.  ¶  3. That by the prisoner’s testimony it is known that he carried the bandit’s correspondence, that he picked up men for the bandits, threatening with death those who refused to go.  ¶  4. That he carried mail direct from Tiosimtal to La Pita and from La Pita to La Boca de Cua, receiving the communications from the hands of Nicolas Davila carrying the same to Cisto [Sixto] Gutierrez.  ¶  Because of the testimony rendered and the confession of the bandit, I ask the Tribunal to find him guilty in the name of public opinion and well-fare and for the justice of the Nicaraguan family, sentencing him to capital punishment as an example to banditry.  ¶  This being said and signed by:-  ¶  M. J. COREA Fiscal  ¶  L. RIVERA, Defender  ¶  M. J. COREA, with me and my secretary Pte."

April 16, 1929.
"Trial and Execution of Isabel Rocha and Filiberto Hernandez," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, Jinotega (typed copy).   "Enclosures: Copies of trial of subject-named men.  ¶  1. The subject named bandits were tried and sentenced to death by a court-martial convened by order of General Escamilla of the Volunteer Forces of Nicaragua.  ¶  2. These men were executed at day-break on the morning of April 16, 1929 and were buried at LA PAVONA.  ¶  /s/ H. HANNEKEN.  ¶  Copy to: Area Commander  ¶  Northern Area less enclosure."

April 16, 1929.
"Trial and Execution of Isabel Rocha and Filiberto Hernandez," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, Jinotega (handwritten original).   [see above]

April 17, 1929.
"Report of Patrols," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, Jinotega, p. 1.   "General Escamilla, 30 Volunteers cleared base at 0700 on April 15 with orders to proceed to house and finca of Jesus Vasquez and to take into custody all persons found there. (The Jefe Politico of Jinotega informed Gen. Escamilla that Jesus Vasquez and his men were bandits and assassins in their areas.) Vasquez Finca is located 6 miles N.E. of here on the Rio Pita. Upon arrival of the patrol in that vicinity a number of dogs gave the alarm and all the occupants ran – 4 men and 2 women and 2 children. The volunteers gave chase and 2 volunteers who had outdistanced the others caught up with the 4 men who were in ambush along the trail and fired hitting one (Felix Hernandez). Jesus Vasquez rushed at the Volunteers with his machete and was knocked down while the other 3 men including the one who was founded. Patrol followed the . . . "

April 17, 1929.
"Report of Patrols," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, Jinotega, p. 2.   " . . . trail of the 3 men but finally lost it. Patrol burned the house and brought cattle to base for use of Volunteers and Marines. Attached is a statement of Jesus Vasquez. Patrol returned to base with Jesus Vasquez, his wife, 2 daughters and one small child. Eulalio Flores states that Jesus Vasquez and his 2 sons assassinated and robbed son Antonio Garcia last January.  ¶  April 16 – 2. Lieut. Paige, 8 Marines and 30 Volunteers cleared Base at 6:00 a.m. April 16 with orders to proceed to Finca of one Vasilio Contreras bandit and destroy his house and anything of use to bandits. Vasilio Contrera's Finca is situated near Quebrada Grande of Rio Pita about 6 miles north of Chachagon Mts. Patrol returned at 6:30 and reported that the house of Contreras had apparently been vacated only the morning of 16th. Patrol covered area in the vicinity and found nothing. Burned house. No cattle on finca. On trail coming back to base patrol picked up two other daughters of Jesus Vasquez who stated that their brothers . . . "

April 17, 1929.
"Report of Patrols," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona, Jinotega, p. 3.   " . . . had left and were going to finca of Rafael Altamirano at Los Robles.  ¶  From all reports this completes the destruction of the houses and supplies of all bandits in the area La Pita, Los Angeles, Guasanera-Chachagon Mts. and all the bandits and women found have been brought in and will be sent to Jinotega.  ¶  H. Hanneken ¶  Copy to Comdr, Northern Area  ¶  Received information this morning via runner from Jefe Politico Jinotega that Pedron killed a good Liberal Emilio Siles at Las Cruces, between Embocadero and Guale on Sunday April 14."

April 19, 1929.
"Report," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona (typed copy).   "1. Lt. Jordan and ration patrol arrived here at 1700 April 18 from Corinto Finca. No contact. Have rations until May 1st. Private Donald E. Rose of the 14th to 11th Rgt was left at Corinto Finca due to an injured foot. Request to be sent to Managua.  ¶  2. Lt. Paige, 11 Marines, 30 Volunteers with 4 days rations cleared Base at 0630 April 19 to patrol to La Pita - Teocintal - La Flor - Julio Guatemala’s on orders to destroy house of Transito Gonzales situated at Teocintal. (Gonzales is a bandit with Pedron). To destroy champas of Carmen Garcia, about 2 miles from Teocintal. (At Carmen Garcia’s place the following bandit spies hang out. 1 Nicolas Davila, 2. Transito Vasquez, 3. Filiberto Hernandez, 4. Ignacio Calderon. (The 2nd and 3rd have been apprehended at the above place previously by my patrol.) To destroy house of Tiburcia Garcia about 2 miles from La Flor. Tiburcia is the woman living with Roseda Zelaya and she is the one who sent a bandolier of ammunition to Sandino and is a spy (well known ) of the Bandits, and visits the Bandit camps when in this area. She is the mother of Cruz Garcia a prisoner at Garrobo. To inform all women at Guatemala’s and at all other places to proceed to Jinotega.  ¶  The following information was obtained by a Colonel of the Volunteers while in Jinotega at the office of the Jefe Politico.  That Jose Leon Diaz, Sebastian Centeno, Ismael Peralta with about 10 men killed Senor Siles at Las Cruces between Embocadero and Guale, instead of Pedron Altamirano as previously reported.  That the son of Siles, who was present when his father was killed, escaped from the bandits and reported in at Jinotega with information that it was Diaz and not Pedron, and that the bandits had very little ammunition; that they had two machine guns with, about a drum for same.  ¶  3.  Further rumor has it that Carlos Salgado has been apprehended in Honduras.  That Teresa [Teresa Villatoro] (woman of Sandino), Juan Colindres and Coronado Maradiaga have been apprehended in Cifuentes, Honduras.  ¶  4.  I am expecting very definitive information as to the whereabouts of Pedron, his family, in a few days. ¶  5. I would like to know disposition of any other Marine in or in the vicinity of this area. ¶  /s/ H. H. HANNEKEN"

April 19, 1929.
"Report," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona (handwritten original), p. 1.   [see above]

April 19, 1929.
"Report," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona (handwritten original), p. 2.   [see above]

April 22, 1929.
"Memorandum: Area Commanders, Southern and Northern Areas," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona.   "MEMORANDUM: Area Commanders  ¶  Southern and Northern Area.  ¶  1. MANUEL MATUTE (ex spy and bandit] who is now a spy for my command, made a five day tour of territory GUAPINOL – LOS CEDROS - ST HELENA and reported back on April 21 with the following information:  ¶  (a) That he found no signs of bandits in this area with the exception of one AGATON, who was sick and who had made the trip south and return with Pedron. Agaton stated the following: That Pedron went south to get more recruits, but failed, in so doing; that Pedron has about 40 men, that they are sick, suffering with him, AGATON, permission to remain at his finca and when Pedron returned he could join again. Many others wanted to go to their fincas and women but Pedron would not allow them, stating that if they did so, the Marines and Voluntarios would get them and might result in their capturing him, Pedron.  ¶  That Pedron stated he had to be at a conference of 3000 bandits near CHIPOTE and that afterwards he would return to this area.  ¶  That Sandino would soon be in power in Managua and then they could all go down there. AGATON states that Pedron and his bandits now on the NORTH side of the Rio Coco (my estimation is that he is in the BENTILLA’s resting up from his last trip).  ¶  That Pedron’s women are somewhere in the GUAPINOL MTS. That JOSE RODRIGUEZ, Honduran, Colonel and second in command with Pedron, and their machine gun operator is sick and has Pedron’s permission to go back to Honduras.  ¶  Two other spies returned, one from Area CUA – BOCACITO and the other LA VIRGEN and reported no bandits.  ¶  Due to the fact that the area LOS ANGELES – GUSANERA – CHACHAGON MTS – CUA – LA FLOR – LA PITA are now clear of all bandits and bandits families.  ¶  1. My command will move to GUAPINOL on Wednesday and Thursday.  ¶  Recommendation: ¶ That a detachment of Marines come to relieve my command at LA PAVONA.  ¶  That patrols be sent into the BENTILLA MTS Area, which will rout Pedron and bring him back here. ¶ I will cover area LOS CEDROS – GUAPINOL – ST HELENA to the RIO CUA and pursue Pedron at whatever place he arrives.  ¶  Patrol at LA PAVONA will be of great aid should Pedron get to the CUA area.  ¶  H. H. HANNEKEN.  ¶  STRONG:  ¶  Approved.  ¶  Suggested by Col. Dunlap that you have Guardia do the La Pavona job.  ¶  Schmidt."

April 22, 1929.
"Report of Patrol," Lt. H. H. Hanneken, La Pavona.   "1. The following named bandits and spies were captured by PAIGE’s Patrol  ¶  Transito Gonzales  ¶  Felix Hernandez (who got away the other day at Jesus Vasquez Finca)  ¶  Epifanio Hernandez.  ¶  The latter two were also implicated with the transportation of the 13 rifles and ammunition from the finca of Juan Real to the camp of Pedron and were identified by Jesus Vasquez. Transito Gonzalez has been identified as having been with Pedron by MATUTE, by Transito Vasquez, and also by report from the Jefe Politico of Jinotega. All three will be tried by court martial by the Volunteers.  ¶  2. The following named men and boys have been sent in to Jinotega to the Jefe Politico for action.  ¶  Transito Vasquez (deserter from Pedron’s band due to help and information given).  ¶  Terensio Calderon – 14 years of age.  ¶  Mateo Garcia – 16 years of age  ¶  3. The following reported in here on their own volition and have proceeded to Jinotega on April 22 to report to the Mission Pacification there:  ¶  Tiburcia Garcia – bandit spy – woman.  ¶  Families of Julio Guatemala – (bandit supporter)  ¶  Families of Tomas Guatemala (in prison in Managua)  ¶  Families of Transito Gonzales (Bandit)  ¶  Families of Epifanio Hernandez (Bandit)  ¶ Families of Transito Vasquez – (Bandit deserter)  ¶  Families of Isabel Rocha – (bandit) executed.  ¶  Families of Feliberto Hernandez – (Bandit) executed.  ¶  Families of Jesus Picado – bandit in prison Eastern Area  ¶  Families of Reyes Romero – Bandit  ¶  Families of José Garcia and 6 other families connections unknown.  ¶  4. Nicolas Davila from reports has cleared out of this area.  ¶  H. H. HANNEKEN."

April 22, 1929.
"Patrol Report," 2nd Lt. Henry R. Paige, La Pavona.   "1. At 08130 on 19 April 1929 Lt. Paige, 11 Marines and 20 Voluntarios cleared Base with orders to proceed on the trail LA PAVONA – LA PITA – LA FLOR – JULIO GUATEMALA and instruct all families found in vicinity of that trail to proceed immediately to LA PAVONA and to destroy houses of bandit families residing there. At 1415 patrol met number of women coming down trail driving cattle and carrying their effects. All said they were going to JINOTEGA. I gave them instructions to report at LA PAVONA to Lt. Hanneken on their way. Patrol arrived at TEOSINTAL at 1530. When house was approached one of thirty Voluntarios reported that he had seen a man run from the house. Later this man was found in the woods nearby and was discovered to be TRANSITO GONZALEZ, alleged to be one of Altamirano’s bandits. Camped for night at TEOSINTAL. NO CONTACT.  ¶  At 0630 patrol cleared TEOSINTAL for LA FLOR – JULIO GUATEMALLA’s – Instructed families at JULIO GUATEMALA’S to proceed at once to LA PAVONA. Patrol returned to LA FLOR and visited houses of TIBURCIA GARCIA – CARMEN GARCIA, EPIFANIO HERNANDEZ, and JOSE GARCIA. House of TIBURCIA GARCIA had already been burned. EPIFANIO HERNANDEZ, alleged bandit, was captured as he ran from his house. CHAMPAS of CARMEN GARCIA, bandit hangout, and EPIFANIO HERNANDEZ were burned. At JOSE GARCIA’s patrol captured FELIX HERNANDEZ deserter from finca guard at JINOTEGA and alleged bandit. All families returned with patrol to TEOSINTAL – Patrol camped there at 1900 – NO CONTACT.  ¶  3. 21 April – Patrol cleared TEOSINTAL at 0730 with prisoners mentioned. Houses of ISABEL ROCHA and TRANSITO GONZALES were burned. Patrol arrived at LA PAVONA at 1300 and turned over prisoners to Lt. Hannekan. NO CONTACT.  ¶  H. R. Paige  ¶  2nd Lt. USMC.  ¶  Copy to Area Comdr. Northern Area."

April 23, 1929.
"Jesus Vasquez and Felix Hernandez, Bandits, trial and execution of by Volunteers," Lt. H. Hanneken, La Pavona.   "Enclosures: (2) Copies of trial of subject named men.  ¶  1. Jesus Vasquez and Felix Hernandez were tried by a court-martial convened by order of General Juan Escamilla of the Volunteers on April 22, 1929.  ¶  2. They were both found guilty and sentenced to death. ¶ 3. They were executed at 1800 on April 22, 1929 at La Pavona and buried there.  ¶  H. HANNEKEN.  ¶  Copy to: Area Commander Northern Area less enclosures."

April 24, 1929.
"Epifanio Hernandez, Bandit.  Trial and execution of by Volunteers," Lt. H. H. Hanneken.   "Enclosures: (1) Copy of trial of subject-named man.  ¶  1. Epifanio Hernandez was tried by a court-martial convened by order of General Juan Escamilla of the Volunteers on April 23, 1929.  ¶  2. He was found guilty and sentenced to death.  ¶  3. He was executed at 1800 April 23, 1929, at LA PAVONA and buried there.  ¶  H. H. HANNEKEN  ¶  Copy to Area Comdr. Northern Area less enclosure.  ¶  ORIGINAL."

April 24, 1929.
"Capturas de Escamilla," La Tribuna (Managua).   "El Gral. Escamilla capturó en el campamento de La Pavona a seis desertores de Pedrón Altamirano, con sus rifles.  También a dos mujeres que llevaban correspondencia; y a diecinueve más que estaban escondidas, esposas de otros tantos hombres de la columna del mismo Pedrón."