1.  February 18, 1930.  Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 13, 14, and 15, 1930, Gordon Johnson, Military Attaché.    "1. Attached hereto is a report of the special agent regarding the activities of Sandino during the days of 13, 14, and 15, 1930.  ¶  2. Reference is made to report No. 2759 dated February 13, 1930, and to earlier reports, upon the same subject."

2.  February 1930.  Press clippings:  Feb 16: "Mexico Holds Sandino's Aid," A.P.   Feb 18: "Sandino Plans New Campaign In Nicaragua," N.Y. Evening Post.    Feb 19: "Sandino Aid Missing," U.P.    Feb 26: "Sandino Arrives in Merida After Mysterious Trip," New York Herald Tribune.   Feb 28: "Sandino Moves to Renew War On U.S. Marines," Chicago Daily News.  "SANDINO PLANS NEW CAMPAIGN IN NICARAGUA ¶ “No Gringo Can Stop Him,” Exiled Rebel Leader Declares in Mexico City ¶ HOLDS NIGHT PARLEYS WITH HIS FOLLOWERS ¶ Few, However, Regard Him as Able to Muster Force for New Trouble ¶ Evening Post Foreign Service ¶ Copyright, 1930, by N. Y. Evening Post, Inc. ¶ MEXICO CITY, Feb. 17.—Augusto Sandino, notorious Nicaraguan rebel and now a “mystery man,” who has been in Mexico City since January 28, will go back to Nicaragua for another campaign and no “gringo” is going to stop him, according to his own words. ¶ Sandino, who has been “interned” at Merida, capital of Yucatan, in tropical Mexico, for some time, has been making his Mexico City headquarters during his stay here at the home and office of Dr. Pedro J. Zepeda, a University of Pennsylvania graduate who is the rebel’s “representative” in the Mexican capital. ¶ What is Sandino’s mission in Mexico City? How much of a following has he? Will he go back to Nicaragua? What is his source of income? These are questions asked by many. ¶ The innocent-looking little Central American guerrilla leader is so much enshrouded in mystery and has such dramatic appeal that many Mexican students have become Sandino sympathizers. ¶ But many persons who have watched matters closely during Sandino’s stay in Mexico City believe that the famous rebel is a “dead issue” as far as starting more trouble in Nicaragua is concerned. A bare handful of followers met him at the station here when he arrived, and there has been nothing to indicate that he has a large following. ¶ Surrender for Cash Denied ¶ Sandino himself denied that he was “bought off” for $60,000 and said that “nothing can buy the liberty of the Nicaraguan people.” But there are few who will believe that, and it is certainly a fact that the rebel leader is living comfortably at Merida. ¶ The time is not yet quite ripe for a return to Nicaragua, “because Wall Street still has its thumb on the country, but I shall return before long and the people will gather about my banner,” Sandino told the newspaper men in Mexico City. ¶ Not much significance is attached to the fact that Sandino was received by President Portes Gil at the National Palace, in view of the fact that this occurred just two days before Portes Gil relinquished his office to Ortiz Rubio. Although the act of giving an audience to an anti-American rebel like Sandino by the President of Mexico ordinarily would be regarded as unusual, it is believed that Portes Gil realized that what his outgoing administration did carried little weight and that he assumed a “what of it” attitude. ¶ Aviation Colonel Friendly ¶ Among the persons who showed themselves sympathetic toward Sandino was Colonel Gustavo Leon, prominent Mexican military flyer, who named a plane after the rebel and also took him up in his plane on one occasion. ¶ That Sandino is a “dead issue” is the prevailing opinion in many unbiased and well-informed circles, but that something is brewing is an undeniable fact. It is regarded as significant that among the Mexican officials who have visited the rebel here in Mexico City was the Governor of the isolated territory of Quintana Roo, a jungle region in southeastern Mexico. During his stay in Mexico City Sandino has been rising late every morning and it is a known fact that “pow-wows” with some of his followers last until the early hours. ¶ The most logical theory as to Sandino’s Mexico City visit appears to be that he came here in the hope of finding encouragement for another movement in Nicaragua. And it also appears logical to assume, judging from outside appearances, that he did not find sufficient encouragement. ¶ A performance was given recently in honor of Sandino at a local theatre, Sandino witnessing the show from a box. The show had some “anti-gringo” features. The audience cheered wildly during the performance. ¶ Mexico Holds Sandino’s Aid ¶ MEXICO CITY, Feb 15 (AP).—Auctin F. Marti  [Agustín Farabundo Martí], secretary to Augustino Sandino, former Nicaraguan rebel leader, today was reported to have been under detention for the last twenty-four hours on a charge of having uttered disparaging remarks about President Pascual Ortiz Rubio. He is a Salvadorean. Sandino and his staff have been here for a fortnight, having come from Merida. ¶ Sandino Aid Missing ¶ MEXICO CITY, Feb. 18 (UP).—“General” Agustino Sandino, the Nicaraguan rebel leader, is finding Mexico City unhealthful for members of his staff, and it has been learned on reliable authority that the “general” himself is beginning to feel that a change of climate might be advisable. It became known today that the second of Sandino’s aids has mysteriously disappeared in the course of a few days. The “general,” who habitually is most careful to avoid sitting near open windows and incurring other unnecessary risks, now is increasing his precautions. ¶ Captain Jose Parodes [José de Paredes], a member of the staff who was sent on an errand by Sandino last Sunday evening, has not yet returned, which is regarded as especially disconcerting in view of the fact that Esteban Pavletich, another aide, similarly has been “AWOL” since Thursday. ¶ Sandino Arrives In Merida After Mysterious Trip ¶ Nicaraguan Rebel Leader Appears in Mexican Town; Left Capital on Saturday ¶ Chilean Cabinet to Resign ¶ Havana U. to Bestow Degrees on Two Americans ¶ By Cable to the Herald Tribune ¶ Copyright, 1930, New York Tribune Inc. ¶ MEXICO CITY, Feb. 25.—General Augustino Sandino, rebel Nicaraguan leader, was officially reported to have arrived at Merida at 4:50 o’clock this evening, following his mysterious disappearance from Mexico City on Saturday, when he and a number of followers left unexpectedly in an automobile without making their destination known. Mexico City newspapers tonight carry the news of his arrival at Merida, commenting on the fact that although he remained in the Mexican capital about three weeks, the rebel leader created very little excitement by reason of is [his?] exile and mysterious movements. ¶ SANDINO MOVES TO RENEW WAR ON U. S. MARINES ¶ End of “Armistice” Seen as Rebel Leaves Mexico for Home. ¶ BY JUNIUS B. WOOD ¶ SPECIAL CABLE ¶ To the Chicago Daily News Foreign Service ¶ Copyright, 1930, The Chicago Daily News, Inc. ¶ Mexico City, Feb. 27.—With the “armistice” in Nicaragua drawing to a close, the dawn of another spasm of bloodshed and guerrilla warfare in the little Central American republic is due. “Gen.” Augusto Sandino, firebrand leader in the armed resistance to American occupation, has left Mexico City, and while not returning directly to his country, is prepared to resume command of his forces and renew fighting whenever occasion requires. ¶ Possibly Washington did not consider the last six months’ lull in the fighting as an armistice, but that is the way it is viewed by leaders of Nicaragua’s fight for independence, as voiced here by Dr. Pedro Jose Zepeda, who is the guiding force behind the movement. ¶ “Sandino left Nicaragua voluntarily and we gave orders to stop fighting six months ago,” he said to The Daily News correspondent today. “Washington had said that as soon as the country was pacified the marines would be withdrawn. We took the American state department at its word and have given it six months in which it was able to withdraw without loss of prestige and claim that the country was pacified. Apparently the United States does not intend to keep its promise, and the only thing to do to win freedom and independence for our country is to [illegible]."

3.  February 12, 1930.  Confidential Report on Confidential Correspondence Relating to Nicaraguan Aviators & Anti-Imperialist League of America, Acting Secretary of the Navy.   ""Nicaragua #21 ¶ (COPY) ¶ A.G. 000.24 Nicaragua (2-12-30) ¶ DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY ¶ Office of the Secretary. ¶ 12 February 1930. ¶ Confidential ¶ Secretary’s Office, ¶ Feb 15 1930 ¶ War Department ¶ Sir: ¶ Enclosed are copies of confidential correspondence relating to Nicaraguan aviators and others alleged to be engaged in association with the “Anti-Imperialistic League of America” in activities detrimental to the interests of Nicaragua and this country. ¶ As it appears that some of the persons so engaged have headquarters in Mexico City, it is believed that the Military Attache’ in that city would be interested in the matter and might furnish valuable information. If such action meets with your approval, it is requested that the enclosures be forwarded to the Military Attache in Mexico City, with such instructions as you may deem appropriate. ¶ Respectfully, ¶ Acting Secretary of the Navy. ¶ 15 Received A.G.O. Feb. 20 1930 ¶ 1 Inc. – 10 sheets. ¶ The Honorable, ¶ The Secretary of War."

4.  February 11, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, Commanding General, Marine Corps Base, Naval Operating Base, San Diego, California, to Commanding General, Department of the Pacific.    "C_O_P_Y ¶ bdg ¶ 1st Indorsement ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ Marine Corps Base, Naval Operating Base, San Diego, California, ¶ 11 February 1930. ¶ From: The Commanding General. ¶ To: The Commanding General, Department of the Pacific. ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan aviators. ¶ Enclosure: Letter E. W. Bowman, Post Office Inspector, 2-8-30. ¶ 1. Returned, inviting attention to the enclosure which is self explanatory. This information was obtained from the inspectors of the Post Office Department who consider their informants thoroughly dependable. ¶ /s/ R. H. DUNLAP. ¶ 494-1.04-30 ¶ SECOND ENDORSEMENT ¶ Headquarters, Department of the Pacific, ¶ San Francisco, Calif., February 13, 1930. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ From: The Commanding General. ¶ To: The Major General Commandant. ¶ 1. Forwarded. ¶ /s/ F. D. Kilgore, ¶ By direction. ¶ Copy to CG, MCB, NOB, SD, Calif."

5.  February 8, 1930.  Letter from E. A. Bowman, United States Post Office, San Diego, CA, to Colonel Harry R. Lay, San Diego CA, p. 1.   "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE ¶ San Diego, California ¶ February 8, 1930. ¶ Colonel Harry R. Lay, ¶ U. S. Marine Corps Base, ¶ San Diego, California ¶ My dear Colonel Lay: ¶ Referring to our recent conversation, I have to submit the following information in regard to the persons mentioned: ¶ I have been advised that Efrain Trava and Alonza Garibaldi are residents of Merida, Yucatan, and that they are junior partners in the firm having the Chrysler Automobile Agency in that city. ¶ It is stated they first took up aviation in Yucatan, receiving occasional lessons from flyers of the Pan American Line. It is claimed, however, that they had only approximately four hours in the air under such instruction. My informant advises it is his understanding that the men desired to qualify as aviators in order that they might purchase planes and then establish and operate an agency in Yucatan; also, having in mind the possibility of operating a commercial line in that country. It has been assumed at the Ryan Flying School that the Senior partner in the Chrysler Agency has been sending them sufficient funds for their needs while in San Diego. The Ryan Company has been endeavoring to sell these men two planes, but without success. ¶ I was advised that Gonzalo Grabbell is a Chilian [Chilean]. Grabbell advised the Ryan Flying School that he has a brother occupying a post under the present Chilian [Chilean] Government, but would not give his name or other information. This man had one month of ground school work, but has not yet completed his course for a transport flyer. He is now said to be in Los Angeles. My informant stated it was his understanding that Grabbell desires to return to Chili [Chile] when he shall have become a qualified pilot. ¶ Carlos Polencia is a Mexican and is taking a course in commercial flying at the Ryan School. The impression has been gained that he intends to use his knowledge of aviation in commercial flying in Mexico. ¶ One Enrique Castenada enrolled at the Ryan Flying School, and, I presume, is the person whose name you gave me as . . . "

6.  February 8, 1930.  Letter from E. A. Bowman, United States Post Office, San Diego, CA, to Colonel Harry R. Lay, San Diego CA, p. 2.   "Colonel Harry R. Lay. ¶ […] Enrico Castino. Castenada is an officer in the Mexican Army. He was dismissed from the Ryan School as it seemed that it was impossible for him to learn to fly. It is my understanding that he is now at the Air Tech School, but is not making much progress. It is stated that he does not seem to be particularly intelligent and that he speaks no English. ¶ Latonio Batres, so I am informed, is a native of Guatemala. It is stated that his father was a former Minister of War of Guatemala, but is now deceased. This man is well educated and is said to be a fair flyer. I have been unable thus far to ascertain Batres’ avowed object in becoming a pilot. It is stated that both Batres and Castenada have been been or are now employed by one Jack Thornburg at Phoenix, Arizona. ¶ While the above may not be the precise information you desire, yet I trust it will be of at least a little value. The person from whom I received my confidential information may be considered as dependable. ¶ Very truly yours, ¶ /s/ E. A. Bowman. ¶ EAB:JS"

7.  Jan. 29-30, 1930.  2nd & 3rd Endorsements, Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, San Diego, CA.    "C_O_P_Y_ ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ SECOND INDORSEMENT ¶ MARINE CORPS BASE, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, 29 JANUARY, 1930. ¶ From: The Commanding Officer. ¶ To: The Major General Commandant. ¶ VIA: The Commanding General, Department of the Pacific, San Francisco, California. ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators. ¶ 1. Returned. The undersigned turned the within correspondence over to Major Ross E. Rowell, U.S. Marine Corps, in charge of Marine Corps Expeditionary Forces at this base, who made a personal investigation of the within correspondence and whose report to me I transmit to you, which complies with the 1st endorsement hereon. ¶ /s/ H. Lay. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ THIRD ENDORSEMENT ¶ Headquarters, Department of the Pacific, ¶ San Francisco, Calif., January 30, 1930. ¶ From: The Commanding General. ¶ To: The Major General Commandant. ¶ 1. Forwarded. ¶ /s/ Logan Feland."

8.  February 15, 1930.  Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, February 13th, 14th, and 15th, 1930.    "Activities of C.A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ The special agent reports Sandino’s movements on February 13th, 14th, and 15th, 1930, as follows: ¶ February 13th: ¶ “Arose at 11, took breakfast, returned to Dr. Zepeda’s office on Balderas St. to receive visitors, increasing in number daily. His afternoon was spent in the same way, and when I called at 6:30 I was unable to talk with him as he was receiving intimate friends, including two or three women who were entertaining him with Mexican songs. I learned, however, that he expects to leave Mexico City at any moment, with all the members of his staff.” ¶ February 14th: ¶ “Nothing of importance. Increasing number of visitors. Sandino is preparing to leave; date uncertain; was unable to talk with him. Most of his time spent in diversion.” ¶ February 15th: ¶ “Sandino rose at 1 p.m., remained in the Balderas St. house until 3 when he went out to eat. At 8 o’clock p.m., when I left said house, he had not yet returned, but was expected at any moment. ¶ “Pavletich (Esteban Pavletich), a member of Sandino’s staff, is missing; left Gen. Sandino’s house, Balderas 24, on February 13th at 2:30 p.m. and has not returned. ¶ “Pavletich was a collaborator of the ‘Nacional Revolucionario’ and Colonel Martí (another of Sandino’s staff) talked with the manager of that paper, Senator Manlio Fabio Altamirano, who promised to order an investigation as to Pavletich’s whereabouts. ¶ “While I was talking with Col. Martí a well-dressed woman of about thirty, called and inquired if Pavletich had been found. She is a Nicaraguan, speaks good English as she has lived fourteen years in the United States. Her first name is Soledad, said to be a good friend of Sandino’s, but I find her suspicious. ¶ “Sandino’s friends have become distrustful and have taken on an attitude of absolute reserve. They believe that their telephone is censored by the police, and they are very cautious in all their acts. They will not report Pavletich’s disappearance to the police, for fear of involving Sandino, as some of them admit that Pavletich, if not actually a communist in affiliation, has communistic ideas. ¶ “Regarding the arrest of Col. Martí, this is not true, as I talked with him last night myself. ¶ “As to Sandino, Martí told me that he (Sandino) was arranging the last details to begin his journey to Mérida, Yucatán, where twenty men of the General’s staff are awaiting him.” ¶ It has been since learned that Pavletich got mixed up in the infringement of a traffic regulation, and was arrested as a witness, but held only a few hours. Now at liberty."

9.  February 13, 1930.   Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th, Gordon Johnson, Military Attaché, p. 1.    "G-2 Report ¶ MEXICO ¶ SUBJECT: Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ 1. Reference is made to Report No. 2755 dated February 11, 1930, and to earlier reports, upon the above subject. ¶ 2. The special agent reports Sandino’s movements on February 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th, as follows: ¶ February 8th: ¶ “Nothing of importance. Received visitors, and was invited to dine at the home of Isidro Fabela, a lawyer. Tomorrow he will attend as the honor guest a bullfight which is to be given by the press.” ¶ February 9th: ¶ During the morning as usual, receiving friends. Went to the bullfight, and had not returned home at 10 p.m.” ¶ February 10th: ¶ “Made three attempts to see Sandino today, without success, and upon inquiring of his aides where he might be found, they were reticent and I decided not to insist. It is to be presumed that on these visits which Sandino is making he is accompanied only by Dr. Zepeda, as Gen. Estrada, as also Col. Rivera, Col. Marti, and Sr. Pavletich, could always be found at the Balderas St. office of Dr. Zepeda. ¶ “From Col. Rivera I learn that they are expecting to leave at any time, but not before February 15th. Since upon several occasions they have stressed this date, undoubtedly they are to hold a secret meeting on that day to decide what course Sandino shall take. ¶ “I am given to understand that tomorrow we will begin studying the private files of Sandino, which I could not do today, as Sandino was not to be found. ¶ “One of his aides told me that Sandino received several ovations at the bullfight yesterday, where he was invited by the Press, as honor guest. ¶ February 11th. ¶ “Received friends during morning, and afternoon. In the forenoon I had a brief chat with Sandino; and in the evening while I was waiting to see him again, I was able to learn some interesting facts from one of his aides. ¶ “This aide told me that in Nicaragua, in the region of the Segovias, there is a young man, about twenty-two years old, known thereabouts as ‘General Ferrerita’, but whose real name is Miguel Angel Ortez, he having taken the surname Ferrera to intimidate his enemies, as there is a famous general of this name in Honduras, much feared by the natives of his country. This ‘General Ferrerita’ holds, hidden, in a certain place in Nicaragua, a large number of rifles, machine . . .   ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2759. ¶ Date: Feb. 13, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte del G-2  ¶  Méjico  ¶  Asunto:  ¶  Actividades de C. A. Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico  ¶  1. Se hace referencia al reporte No 2755 fechado febrero 11, 1930, y a reportes anteriores, sobre el asunto antes mencionado.  ¶  2. El agente especial reporta los movimientos de Sandino 8, 9, 10, 11 y 12 de febrero, de la forma siguiente:  ¶ Febrero 8:  ¶  "nada de importancia.  Recibió visitas y fue invitado a cenar en la casa de Isidro Favela, un abogado. Mañana él (Sandino) va como invitado de honor a una corrida de toros la cual será dada por la prensa."  ¶  Febrero 9:  ¶  "Pasando la mañana de forma usual, recibiendo amigos.  Fue a la corrida de toros, y no había regresado a casa a las 10pm."  ¶  Febrero 10: ¶  "Hice tres intentos para ver a Sandino hoy, sin éxito, y al preguntarles a sus asistentes donde podría estar él, ellos se portaron reticentes y yo decidí no insistir.  Se presume que en estas visitas que Sandino está haciendo, él está haciendo acompañado solamente por el Doctor Zepeda, ya que General Estrada, también el Coronel Rivera, el Coronel Martí, y el Sr. Pavletich, siempre se podrían encontrar en la oficina de Calle Balderas del Doctor Zepeda.  ¶  "De parte de Coronel Rivera, yo supe que ellos esperan partir en cualquier momento, pero no antes de febrero 15.  Puesto que en varias ocasiones ellos han insistido en esta fecha; sin lugar a dudas, ellos van a tener reuniones secretas en esas fechas para decidir qué curso Sandino deberá tomar.  ¶  "Se me ha dado entender que mañana comenzaremos a estudiar los archivos privados de Sandino, lo cual no pude hacer hoy, ya que Sandino no se pudo hallar.  ¶  "Uno de sus ayudantes me dijo que Sandino recibió varias ovaciones en la corrida de toros de ayer, donde él fue invitado por la prensa, como invitado de honor.  ¶  Febrero 11:  ¶  "Recibió amigos durante la mañana y la tarde.  Al medio día yo tuve una charla breve con Sandino; y en la noche mientras yo estaba esperando verlo de nuevo, pude darme cuenta de algunos datos interesantes de parte de unos de sus asistentes.  ¶  "Este asistente me dijo que en Nicaragua, en la región de las Segovias, hay un hombre joven de unos 22 años, conocido ahí como "General Ferrerita", pero que su verdadero nombre es Miguel Ángel Ortéz.  Quien había tomado el sobre el sobrenombre "Ferrera" para intimidar a sus enemigos, ya que hay un famoso general de este nombre en Honduras, muy temido por los nativos de su país.  Este "General Ferrerita" tiene escondido, en cierto lugar en Nicaragua, un gran número de rifles, ametralladoras ... "

10.  February 13, 1930.   Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th, Gordon Johnson, Military Attaché, p. 2.    "G-2 Report ¶ " . . . guns and ammunition, belonging to Sandino’s army. My informant told me that he started an uprising in Nicaragua with 25 men, and now has an army of 2,000 men, perfectly armed, who are under direct orders of General Sandino. That in another place in Nicaragua there is a ‘General Pedro Altamirano’ with another goodsized group of men. Likewise there are two ‘Colonels’ in action,- all acknowledging Sandino as their supreme chief. That the machine guns which Ferrerita has hidden, and which he is himself using, are ‘Lewis’ and ‘Thompson’. My informant assured me that in this equipment there were no cannons,- only rifles and machine-guns. ¶ “He also informed me that the last formal combat which Sandino held with the North American marines was on April 27, 1929, upon which date he decided to come to Mexico to clear up many obscure points regarding his true situation, since in some places it was believed that he had been killed, and in others he was the subject of endless calumnies. He made his journey to Mexico, crossing all Central America until reaching the Mexican frontier in Guatemala, whence he came to Vera Cruz and finally embarked for Mérida, Yucatán. ¶ “My informant tells me that Sandino now has in Mexico 25 members of his staff and that in order to return to Nicaragua it will be necessary to collect not less than 10,000 pesos. Upon asking him if Sandino came to Mexico City for the purpose of collecting said funds, he replied that the principal object of his visit was to organize some isolated groups which morally supported the Nicaraguan movement, and that he intended to carry on this work on his return journey to Nicaragua, in all the Central American countries which he crosses, as in those countries there are also groups in sympathy with his movement. ¶ “Upon explaining to my informant the impotence of Sandino’s army to defeat the American marines, he replied that Sandino knew that as well as I, but that his object was not precisely to openly face the American marines in combat, but to cause them the greatest possible amount of damage, by burning, and sacking their mines, as well as all property belonging to North American citizens; that they would do the same with the works of the Nicaraguan Canal if its building was begun,- that is, while thousands of dollars were being spent to construct only one part of the Canal, a little dynamite would destroy it all. That Sandino only wants to prove to the American Government that it can never do as it likes with Nicaragua, in spite of its wealth and power, as with this system of opposition it will soon be convinced, and leave Nicaragua in absolute liberty. From all the foregoing it can be seen that Sandino’s plan for combatting the invasion of Nicaragua is easy to carry out, without much cost. ¶ My informant confirms what Sandino told me,- namely, that in order to carry out his plans, Sandino needs neither the cooperation of any Government, nor funds, as he reckoned upon the will of the Nicaraguan people, who on all occasions cooperated with him.” ¶ February 12th: ¶ “Nothing of importance, except a private banquet given to Sandino by some Nicaraguan students. Was not able to talk with the General today, but have an appointment for tomorrow, to see his files.” ¶ Gordon Johnston, Col. Cavalry ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: As stated. ¶ J/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2759. ¶ Date: Feb. 13, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   " ... y municiones, pertenecientes al Ejército de Sandino.  Mi informante me dijo que él inició un levantamiento en Nicaragua con 25 hombres, y que ahora tiene un ejército de dos mil hombres, perfecta mente armados, quienes están bajo las órdenes directas del General Sandino.  Que en otro lugar en Nicaragua hay un "General Pedro Altamirano" con otro grupo de hombres de buen tamaño.  De igual manera hay dos coroneles en acción.  – todos reconociendo a Sandino como su Jefe Supremo.  Que las ametralladoras que tienen escondidas Ferrerita, y las cuales él mismo está usando, son "Lewis" y "Thompson".  Mi informante me aseguro que en este equipo no hay cañones.  Solamente rifles y ametralladoras.  ¶  El también me informo que el último combate real que Sandino tuvo contra los marinos norteamericanos fue el 27 de abril de 1929, fecha en la cual él decidió viajar a Méjico para aclarar muchos puntos oscuros respecto a su verdadera situación, puesto que en algunos lugares se creía que a él lo habían matado; y en otros él era el tema principal de grandes calumnias, él hiso su viaje a Méjico, cruzando toda Centro América hasta llegar a la frontera Mejicana en Guatemala, donde llego a Veracruz y finalmente se embarcó para Mérida, Yucatán.  ¶  Mi informante me dice que Sandino ahora tiene en Méjico 25 miembros de su personal y que para poder regresar a Nicaragua será necesario colectar no menor de 10,000 pesos.  Al preguntarle a él, si Sandino vino a Méjico con el objetivo de colectar tales fondos, él me contesto, que el principal objetivo de su visita era para organizar algunos grupos aislados, quienes moralmente apoyaban al movimiento en Nicaragua, y que él incluso intentaría llevar a cabo este trabajo en su viaje de regreso a Nicaragua, en tránsito por todos los países de Centro América, ya que en esos países también hay grupos que simpatizan con su movimiento.  ¶  Al explicarle a mi informante la importancia del Ejercito de Sandino para derrotar a los marines norteamericanos, él contesto que Sandino sabia eso también como yo, pero que su objetivo no era precisamente enfrentar abiertamente a los marines norteamericanos en combate, sino causarles el más grande daño posible, por medio de quemar y saquear sus minas, así como toda propiedad que perteneciese a ciudadanos norteamericanos; que ellos harían lo mismo con las obras del Canal nicaragüense si se comenzaba la construcción.  Es decir, mientras de miles de dólares se están gastando para construir solo una parte del Canal, un poquito de dinamita lo destruiría todo.  Que Sandino solamente quiere probarle al Gobierno norteamericano que jamás puede hacer como quiera con Nicaragua, a pesar de su esfuerzo y su poder, así como se convencerá con este sistema de oposición muy pronto, y dejara a Nicaragua en libertad absoluta.  Con todo lo que está sucediendo se puede ver que el plan de Sandino para combatir la invasión de Nicaragua es fácil llevar a cabo, sin mucho costo.  ¶  Mi informante confirma lo que Sandino me dijo; --principalmente de que para llevar a cabo sus planes, Sandino no necesita la cooperación de ningún gobierno, ni fondos, ya que él confía en la voluntad del pueblo nicaragüense, quienes en todas las ocasiones han cooperado con el."  ¶  Febrero 12:  ¶  Nada de importancia, a excepción de un banquete privado dado a Sandino por unos estudiantes nicaragüenses.  No pude hablar con el General hoy, pero tengo una cita mañana, para ver sus documentos.  ¶  Fuente: Como declaración  ¶  Gordon Johnston, Coronel de Caballería  ¶  Agregado militar  ¶ Desde:  M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2759.  Fecha: Feb.13, 1930."

[NOTE:  The next special agent report for Feb. 13-14 can be found on TOP 100, PAGE 95, PAGE 3, DOCS 48 & 49.  //  NOTA:  El próximo informe del agente especial de 13 a 14 febrero se encuentra en el TOP 100, PÁG. 95, PÁG. 3, DOCS 48 & 49]

11.  February 13, 1930.   Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 7th, Gordon Johnson, Military Attaché.    "G-2 Report ¶ MEXICO ¶ SUBJECT: Activities of C.A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ 1. Reference is made to Report No. 2743 dated February 6, 1930, and to earlier reports, upon the above subject. ¶ 2. The special agent report’s Sandino’s activities on February 7th, 1930, as follows: ¶ “He spent most of the morning receiving friends and sympathizers in Dr. Zepeda’s office. After 12 o’clock he went to the Independence Monument and placed a porcelain wreath near the remains of Hidalgo and other heroes of Mexican independence, the wreath bearing a card: ‘With all our respect and admiration to the invincible Hidalgo and other heroes of the Mexican Independence. Mexico February 7, 1930. Patria y Libertad. A.C. Sandino and Pedro J. Zepeda.’ There were some local newspaper men and photographers present. Also accompanying Gen. Sandino were Col. Enrique Rivera Bertrand, Sr. Esteban Pavletich, and Dr. Zepeda, all members of his staff; also Rodolfo Artiga López, a Salvadorean newspaper men, and Ernesto Carrera a Guatemalan; also a group of Central American university students composed of – Marco Aurelio Chavarría, Francisco J. Mazariegos, Alejandro Ch. López, Delfino Escobar, and Joaquín Rivera. The wreath was draped with the Nicaraguan flag. ¶ “As the days pass, the number of Sandino’s visitors increases, the majority being young men between the ages of twenty-five and thirty, his loyal followers. ¶ “From what I have been able to observe, Sandino has undoubtedly come to carry on an active propogadna [propaganda] in favor of his cause. From his appearance, he seems to be satisfied with the result of his activities. He promised me again today that he would give me, for publication, something of vital importance to the peoples of Spanish America and for the entire world. He has also offered me his private files, that I may publish whatever I find of interest; and from the cursory glance over some of the papers two days ago, some of those documents are certainly of value, not only because they are unknown to the public, but also because they explain many things. ¶ “Upon saying to Sandino that I understood he would soon be leaving Mexico City he replied in the affirmative, but said he would not go before the 15th of this month. He plans to stay in Mérida, where he says he has men waiting for him, and showed me a photograph in which appear several of his comrades, in uniform and carrying the Nicaraguan flag; also armed. This all leads me to believe that Sandino intends to return to Nicaragua in the near future.” ¶ Gordon Johnston, ¶ Colonel, Cavalry, ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: Confidential. ¶ J/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2755. ¶ Date: Feb. 11, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte G-2  ¶  Mejico  ¶  Asunto: Actividades de C. A. Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico  ¶  1. Se hace referencia al reporte numero 2743 fechado el 6 de febrero de 1930, y a reportes anteriores, acerca del asunto antes mencionado.  ¶  2. El agente especial reporta las actividades de Sandino el 7 de febrero de 1930, de la forma siguiente:  ¶  "El pasó la mayor parte de la mañana recibiendo amigos y simpatizantes en la oficina del Dr. Zepeda.  Después de las 12 m. en punto, el fue al Monumento de la Independencia y puso una guirnalda de porcelana, cerca de los restos de Hidalgo y otros héroes de la independencia de Méjico.  La guirnalda llevaba una tarjeta:   "con todo el respeto y admiración al invencible hidalgo y otros héroes de la independencia de Méjico. Patria y libertad". Habían algunos periodistas locales y fotógrafos presentes. También acompañando al General Sandino estaban el Coronel Enrique Rivera Bertrand, el Sr. Esteban Pavletich, y el Dr. Zepeda, todos los miembros de su personal; también Rodolfo Artiga López, periodista salvadoreño, y Ernesto Carrera, guatemalteco; también un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de Centro América, compuesto por – Marco Aurelio Chavarría, Francisco J. Mazariegos, Alejandro Ch. López, Delfino Escobar, y Joaquín Rivera.  La guirnalda fue adornada con la bandera nicaragüense.  ¶  A medida que pasaban los días el número de los visitantes de Sandino aumenta, la mayoría son hombres jóvenes, entre las edades de 25 a 30 años, sus fieles seguidores.  ¶  "De lo que yo he podido observar, Sandino sin lugar a dudas ha venido llevando a cabo una propaganda activa a favor de su causa.  Por su apariencia, él parece estar satisfecho con los resultados de sus actitudes.  El me prometió otra vez hoy que el me daría para su publicación, algo de vital importancia para el pueblo de la América Hispana y para el mundo entero.  El también me ha ofrecido sus archivos privados, que yo podría publicar aquello que considere de interés; y de la observación rápida de algunos de los papeles de hace dos días, alguno de estos documentos son ciertamente de valor, no solamente porque estos son desconocidos al público, sino también por que explican muchas cosas.  ¶  "al decirle a Sandino que yo tenía entendido que él pronto estaría abandonando la Ciudad de Méjico, él contesto de forma afirmativa, pero dijo que él no se iría antes del 15 de este mes.  El planea quedarse en Mérida, donde dice que tiene hombres esperándolo, y me mostró más fotografías en la cual aparecen varios de sus camaradas, en uniforme y cargando la bandera nicaragüense, y también armados.  Todo esto nos lleva a creer que Sandino tiene intenciones de regresar a Nicaragua en su futuro cercano."  ¶ Fuente: confidencial.  Gordon Johnston, Coronel de Caballería  ¶  Agregado militar  ¶  Desde: M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2755.  Fecha: Feb.11.1930."

12.  February 6, 1930.  Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 4, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, p. 1.     "G-2 Report ¶ MEXICO ¶ SUBJECT: Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ 1. Reference is made to Report No. 2736 dated February 3, 1930, and to earlier reports, upon above subject. ¶ 2. The special agent reports Sandino’s activities on February 4th, 1930, as follows: In Dr. Zepeda’s office from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. when he went to lunch, returning at 3 p.m. and remaining there until 8 p.m. Agent was with Sandino from 4 to 8 p.m. Following is quoted from Agent: ¶ “Sandino placed his files at my disposal. Among the documents which I read today is a project of unification of all the Spanish-American countries, which project Sandino states he will carry out as soon as he takes possession of the Government of Nicaragua, which depends on the success of the conferences he is holding nightly in this Capital. ¶ “According to General Sandino, every night sessions are held between persons most interested in the so-called ‘anti-imperialistic’ movement. ¶ “From some phrases which Sandino dropped I could observe that they are not on a very good footing with the Mexican Government. In one of the letters which I read, sent by Zepeda (Sandino’s representative in Mexico City) to Sandino, I noted the difficulties which Sandino encountered in donating to Mexico the ‘trophies’ obtained by him in the struggle against the American marines. Said trophies consist of two surgical cases, a rifle and an American flag, which objects, by agreement of the Mexican Government, are now in the Mexican National Museum. ¶ “Upon asking Sandino if the secret sessions were being held with members of the Mexican Government, he appeared a little suspicious, and confined himself to saying that ‘they were with persons interested in the cause of Nicaragua’. ¶ “After showing me air maps, small books, and other objects taken from American prisoners belonging to the 5th Regiment, he told me that in a certain place in Nicaragua he was keeping hidden the remains of the aviator Thomas, of Captain E. A. Rector, chief of the squadron, of a doctor whose name I do not recall at this moment, of Captain William Williamson, of Captain Livingstone, of Lieutenant Bruce, and of another aviator whose name also I do not recall, also of Roy A. Johnston, an American engineer who on a certain occasion went to him to propose a conference in order to settle a conflict, with the sole object of assassinating him (Sandino). Sandino himself told me he would return the said remains when Nicaragua was free again. ¶ “It is assumed that the usual secret session will be held this evening.” . . .  ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2743. ¶ Date: Feb. 6, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.    "Reporte G-2  ¶  Asunto:  Actividades de C. A. Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico  ¶  1. Se hace referencia al reporte No 2736 fechado febrero 4 ,1930,y a reportes anteriores , sobre el asunto antes mencionado.  ¶  2. El agente especial reporta las actividades de Sandino de febrero 4, 1930, en la forma siguiente:  Estuvo en la oficina del Dr. Zepeda, desde las 11 am hasta las 2 pm, cuando él fue almorzar, regresando a las 3 pm y permaneciendo ahí hasta las 6 pm.  El agente estaba con Sandino de las 4pm a las 6 pm. Lo siguiente es tomado de las propias palabras del agente.  ¶  "Sandino puso sus archivos a mi disposición.  Entre los documentos que yo leí hoy, esta un Proyecto de unificación de todos los países hispano americanos, Proyecto en el cual Sandino declara que llevará a cabo tan pronto como él tome posesión del Gobierno de Nicaragua, el cual depende del éxito de las conferencias que está sosteniendo cada noche en esta capital.  ¶  De acuerdo al General Sandino, se celebran sesiones todas las noches entre personas muy interesadas en el tal llamado movimiento "anti-imperialista".  ¶  De algunas frases que pronuncio Sandino yo pude observar que ellos no están en términos muy buenos con el Gobierno Mejicano.  En una de las cartas que yo leí, enviada por el Dr. Zepeda (Representante de Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico) a Sandino, yo note las dificultades a que se enfrento Sandino al donar a Méjico "los trofeos" obtenidos por él en la lucha contra los marines americanos.  Los mencionados trofeos consisten en dos cajones para cirugía, un rifle y una Bandera americana, y tales objetos, por acuerdo del Gobierno Mexicano, están ahora en el Museo Nacional Mejicano.  ¶  Al preguntarle a Sandino si las secciones secretas estaban siendo sostenidas con el Gobierno Mejicano, el pareció sospechar, y se limito a decir que ellos estaban con personas interesadas en la causa de Nicaragua".  ¶  Después de mostrarme mapas aéreos, pequeños libros y otros objetos tomados de los prisioneros pertenecientes al quinto regimentó, el me dijo que en cierto lugar de Nicaragua, el estaba manteniendo escondido los restos del aviador Thomas, del Capitán E. A. Rector, Jefe de Escuadrón, de un Doctor cuyo nombre no recuerdo en este momento, del Capitán William willianson, del Capitán Livingstone, del Teniente Bruce, y de otro aviador quien cuyo nombre tampoco recuerdo, también el de Roy A. Johnston, un ingeniero americano quien en cierta ocasión fue donde él para proponerle una reunión para poder arreglar un conflicto, pero con el único fin de asesinarlo a él (Sandino). Sandino mismo me dijo que él podía devolver los mencionados restos cuando Nicaragua llegara a ser libre otra vez.  ¶  Se asume que la acostumbrada sesión secreta se va a celebrar esta noche."  ¶  Desde:  M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2743.  Fecha: Feb. 6, 1930."

13.  February 6, 1930.  Secret G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City on February 4, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, p. 2.     " . . . G-2 Report ¶ 3. As to the day of February 5th, Agent reports the usual procedure,- Sandino receiving visitors and going out with Dr. Zepeda for some unknown destination to which Agent was unable to trace him. ¶ 4. Agent’s report for February 6th is to the effect that Sandino remained the entire day in Dr. Zepeda’s office, receiving visitors; that Sandino did not attend the inaugural of President Ortiz Rubio; that he is becoming much less communicative, and does not appear to be in as optimistic a mood as first; that it not believed he is receiving any aid from the Mexican Government, and it is thought he will soon leave Mexico City. ¶ Gordon Johnston ¶ Colonel, Cavalry ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: Confidential. ¶ J/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No.2743. ¶ Date: Feb. 6, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte G-2:  ¶  3. Según el día 5 de febrero, el agente reporta el procedimiento usual.  Sandino recibiendo visitantes y saliendo con el Dr. Zepeda a un destino desconocido, por lo que el agente no puedo darle seguimiento.  ¶  4. El agente reporta para el 6 de febrero, que Sandino permaneció todo el día en la oficina de el Dr. Zepeda recibiendo visitantes; que Sandino no asistió a la inauguración del Presidente Ortiz Rubio; que él se está volviendo menos comunicativo y no parece estar en un estado de ánimo optimista, como lo estuvo al principio; que no se cree que este recibiendo ninguna ayuda de parte del Gobierno Mejicano, y se cree que pronto abandonara la Ciudad de Mejico.  ¶  Fuente: confidencial.  Gordon Johnston, Coronel de Caballería.  Agregado militar  ¶  Desde: M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2743.  Fecha: Feb. 6, 1930."

14.  February 3, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, p. 1.     "G-2 Report ¶ MEXICO ¶ SUBJECT: Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ 1. In connection with report No. 2735 (Jan. 31, 1930), the fact that Sandino visited President Portes Gil has been guarded with the greatest reserve. Neither local nor foreign correspondents have been informed of the fact. The officials and servants at the Castillo de Chapultepec, where the meeting was held, deny the visit. ¶ 2. With reference to the visit to Mexico attention is called to the despatches from the Ambassador to the State Department, and particularly one dated Aug. 3, 1929 (No.1774).  From this the fact appears that the Government only promised absolutely that Sandino should not be permitted to visit Mexico City on his way to Yucatán upon his arrival in this country. However, the whole sense of the conversation, and apparently the understanding, was that Sandino would not be allowed to visit the Capital and utilize his visit for propaganda purposes. ¶ 3. Sandino was apparently the guest of honor at the Lirico Theatre on the evening of January 31st, sitting in a prominent box decorated with the Mexican and Nicaraguan colors. A skit was put on entitled “Viva Sandino” which had evidently been fairly well censored as regards direct reference to the United States. However, the indications throughout were quite clear, and in one scene an actor representing Sandino appears waving the Nicaraguan flag over three dead soldiers whose uniforms were just enough to indicate U.S. Marines; this received great applause. In another scene an actor takes the Nicaraguan flag over to the box and presents it to Sandino, who stands up and waves it, to the great glee of the spectators. He frequently rose to his feet and gave a salute, somewhat like the Faccisti, and made a few remarks, in general effect that Latin American nations would stand together. There were frequent calls from the house for a song which is supposed to be the battle-hymn of his army,- to such an extent that they were unable to proceed with the play. An actor finally appeared and promised that it would come in later, and the show proceeded. However, the song was not given. ¶ Numerous Mexican officers in uniform occupied boxes, but this is not unusual. It is particularly noted that while the crowd yelled “Bajo los Yanquis” at various times, the cry “Muere los Americanos, or los Yanquis” was not given. Altogether, while there was considerable applause, etc., the enthusiasm was not as great as expected, not more than such a skit would be likely to call forth. ¶ 4. As for the events of the day January 31st, Sandino continued receiving friends and sympathizers in the  . . .  ¶ From: M.A. Mexico. ¶ Report No.2736. ¶ Date: Feb. 3, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.    "Reporte G-2.  ¶  Asunto:  Actividades de C. A. Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico  ¶  1. En conexión con el reporte numero 2735 (enero 31. 1930), el hecho de que Sandino visitó al Presidente Portes Gil, ha sido guardado con mucha reserva.  No se le informo ni a corresponsales extranjeros, ni locales, acerca del hecho.  Los oficiales y servicios en el Castillo de Chapultepec, donde se celebro la reunión, niegan la visita.  ¶  2. Con referencia a la visita a Méjico, se hace notar acerca de los despachos de parte del Embajador (norteamericano) al Departamento de Estado, y particularmente uno fechado agosto, 3, 1929 (No. 1774).  De este hecho se desprende que el Gobierno (Mejicano) solamente se comprometió a que a Sandino no se le permitiría visitar la Ciudad de Méjico, en su paso hacia Yucatán a su arribo a este país.  Sin embargo, en todos los sentidos de la conversación, y aparentemente se entendía que a Sandino no se le permitiría visitar la Capital y utilizar su visita con fines de propaganda.  ¶  3. Sandino era aparentemente el invitado de honor en el Teatro Lírico en la noche del 31 de enero, con un Balcón de honor y decorado con los colores mejicanos y nicaragüenses.  Una presentación teatral titulada "Viva Sandino", la cual evidentemente había sido bastante censurada, ya que se refiere de forma directa a los Estados Unidos.  Sin embargo, las indicaciones eran bastante claras, y en una escena un actor representando a Sandino aparece ondeando la bandera nicaragüense sobre tres soldados muertos de los cuales sus uniformes demostraban lo suficiente que eran marines norteamericanos: esto recibió un gran aplauso.  En otra escena un actor lleva la bandera al balcón de Sandino y se la presenta, quien se pone de pie y la ondea, para gran felicidad de los espectadores.  El, frecuentemente se ponía de pie y daba un saludo algo así como los facistas, y dijo algunas palabras, en general para dar a entender que las naciones latinoamericanas estarán unidas.  Había frecuentes llamados de parte de los presentes pidiendo una canción la cual se supone es el himno de batalla de su ejército.  A tal punto de que no pudieron proseguir con la obra.  Un actor por fin apareció y prometió que esta (la canción) se daría más tarde y la obra procedió.  Sin embargo la canción no fue presentada.  ¶  Numerosos oficiales mejicanos de uniforme ocuparon algunos balcones, pero esto no es inusual.  Es de notar que mientras la muchedumbre gritaba "Abajo los Yanquis" varias veces, el grito "Fuera los Americanos, o los Yanquis" no fue escuchado.  Para resumir, mientras había muchos aplausos, etc.  El entusiasmo no fue tan grande como se esperaba, ni tampoco la asistencia fue la esperada con la presentación de tal obra.  ¶  4.  Con respecto a los eventos del día 31 de enero, Sandino continúo recibiendo amigos y simpatizantes en la oficina del Dr. Zepeda . . . ¶  Desde: M. A. México. Reporte No. 1736. Fecha: Feb. 3, 1930."

15.  February 3, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, p. 2.      "G-2 Report ¶ . . . office of Dr. Zepeda. Among them on this date were noted several aviators, including Colonel León. Also a recent arrival from Nicaragua was noticed among the callers. Apparently Sandino entertained them with accounts of his military exploits, and among other things stating that in the interview between Mr. Stimson and General Moncada the former presented General Moncada with a gold medal, which, according to Sandino, signified nothing else than that General Moncada had sold himself for American gold. ¶ 5. A dinner was given to Sandino on Jan. 31st, by Guillermo Olivares, at Jalapa 70, in this city, which was attended by his official family and other friends. It is reported that an American girl was also among the guests; her name is unknown. Sandino announced that in the near future he intended to publish most sensational documents of international interest, but declined to say what the contents were. ¶ 6. All the staff of this Embassy are very particular in not letting it appear that they have any interest in Sandino’s visit. No direct communications with military or civil authorities have been held on the subject, and no communications have come to the Embassy from the Mexican Government. ¶ 7. On February 1st Sandino, accompanied by members of his staff and Dr. Zepeda, left the home of the latter at 10 o’clock in the morning and went to the Balbuena aviation field where a group of his Mexican aviator friends awaited him. Col. Gustavo León invited Sandino for a flight over the Valley of Mexico which he accepted. Sandino, with Dr. Zepeda and his friends, upon the invitation of Col. León and other Mexican aviators, went to the town of Xochimilco where they were given a banquet, returning to Mexico City at six o’clock that afternoon. ¶ 8. On February 2d the special agent called upon Sandino at the office of Dr. Zepeda. Sandino offered frankly to show him (the agent) next Thursday, February 6th, his important documents upon his activities in Nicaragua, explaining that they were as yet entirely unknown; he also offered photographs. Sandino passed the whole morning dictating correspondence to his private secretary. After lunching with Dr. Zepeda they both went to the home of General Siurob, Governor of the Territory of Quintana Roo, where they remained an hour in conversation with the Governor. ¶ Gordon Johnston ¶ Colonel, Cavalry, ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: Confidential. ¶ J/p ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2736. ¶ Date: Feb. 3, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte G-2  ¶  " … entre ellos en esta fecha, se observaron varios pilotos, incluyendo al Coronel León, como también una reciente visita de Nicaragua se pudo notar entre los visitantes, aparentemente Sandino los entretuvo con anécdotas de sus incursiones militares, y entre otras cosas declarando que en la entrevista entre el Sr. Stimson y el General Moncada, el primero obsequio al General Moncada con una medalla de oro, la cual de acuerdo con Sandino, tenía muy poco significado, porque el General Moncada se había vendido, por oro americano.  ¶ 5.  Se le celebro a Sandino una cena el 31 de enero, por Guillermo Olivares, en Jalapa, V. C.  En esta Ciudad fue atendido por su familia oficial y otros amigos.  Es reportado que una muchacha americana estaba entre los invitados, su nombre es desconocido.  Sandino anuncio que en el futuro cercano él pretendía publicar documentos sensacionales de interés internacional, pero declino decir cuáles eran sus contenidos.  ¶  6. Todo el personal de esta Embajada es muy compartimentado, en no dejar entrever de que ellos tengan algún interés en la visita de Sandino.  No se ha tenido reuniones con autoridades militares o civiles, ni comunicación respecto a este tema, y no ha habido comunicaciones enviada a la embajada de parte del Gobierno Mejicano.  ¶  7. El primero de febrero Sandino, acompañado por miembro de su personal y el Dr. Zepeda, abandonaron la casa de este último a las 10 en punto de la mañana y fueron al campo de aterrizaje aéreo de Balbuena, donde un grupo de aviadores Mejicanos amigos de él, lo esperaban.  El Coronel Gustavo León invito a Sandino a volar sobre el Valle de Méjico, el cual acepto.  Sandino, con el Doctor Zepeda y sus amigos, ante la invitación del Coronel León y los otros aviadores mejicanos, fueron al Pueblo de Xochimilco donde a ellos se les brindo un banquete, regresando a la Ciudad de Méjico a las 6 en punto de esa tarde.  ¶  8. El 2 de febrero el agente especial visito a Sandino en la oficina del Dr. Zepeda.  Sandino con franqueza le ofreció mostrarle a él (el agente) el próximo jueves 8 de febrero sus documentos importantes sobre sus actividades en Nicaragua, explicando que estas eran totalmente desconocidas; él también ofreció fotografías.  Sandino pasó toda la mañana dictando correspondencia a su secretario privado.  Después de almorzar con el Dr. Zepeda los dos fueron a la casa del General Siurob, Gobernador del territorio de Quintana Roo, donde permanecieron una hora en conversación con el Gobernador.  ¶  Fuente: confidencial.  Gordon Johnston, Coronel de Caballería.  Agregado militar  ¶  Desde:  M. A. México.   Reporte No. 2736.  Fecha: Feb. 3, 1930."

16.  January 31, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 1.     "G-2 Report ¶ MEXICO ¶ SUBJECT: Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City. ¶ 1. Sandino arrived in Mexico City January 28th, 1930, coming by plane from Mérida, Yucatán to Tejería, V.C., and thence by rail to Mexico City. He did not enter the city of Vera Cruz. All papers of January 29th carry reports of his visit, and several reported interviews. A resumé of his statements to the press follows: ¶ “I have come to Mexico on personal matters.” ¶ “For us, Mexico is our school.” ¶ “I am now of the opinion, and always will be to my death, that I shall continue fighting for the redemption of the Nicaraguan people. I was obliged to leave Nicaragua, but my army will follow the plans already determined upon. There are four chiefs left in Nicaragua charged with the custody of the arms and ammunition of our army. You will note that none of our arms have fallen into the hands of our enemies.” ¶ “Definitely and categorically, in answer to your question, I shall return to Nicaragua.” ¶ Asked if he understood how much influence the United States had in Mexico, he replied: ¶ “Not only here, but in all parts of the world; but everyone has the right to clean out his own house.” ¶ “I do not intend to visit people of political importance in an official character. Naturally, however, I shall go to call upon Calles, Sr. Portes Gil, and Ortiz Rubio, to pay my respects to them,- no more.” ¶ “Never for a single moment have I abandoned the patriotic cause of my country, the triumph of which the people of Nicaragua seek, and are willing to continue striving for, even at the cost of the greatest sacrifices.” ¶ “We shall never stop until the insolence of Uncle Sam has been punished.” ¶ “Up to now, our fighting for liberty has not met with favorable response from the Latin-American governments, but it has among the people of those countries.” ¶ Asked when he would return to Nicaragua, he replied:  . . .  ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2735. ¶ Date: Jan. 31, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte G-2.  ¶  Asunto: Actividades de C. A. Sandino en la Ciudad de Méjico  ¶  1.  Sandino arribo a la Ciudad de Méjico el 28 de Enero, 1930 llegando por avión desde Mérida, Yucatán a Tejerías, V.C. y después por ferrocarril a la Ciudad de Méjico.  El no entró a la ciudad de Veracruz, todos los papeles del 29 de enero llevan reportes de su visita y varias entrevistas reportadas, un resumen de sus declaraciones a la prensa a continuación:  ¶  "Yo he venido a Méjico por asuntos personales"  ¶  "Para nosotros Méjico es nuestra escuela"  ¶  "Yo ahora soy de la opinión y siempre lo seré hasta el día de mi muerte, que continuaré luchando por la redención del pueblo nicaragüense.  Fui obligado a abandonar Nicaragua, pero mi Ejército seguirá con los planes ya determinados respecto al caso.  Hay cuatro jefes que se quedaron en Nicaragua encargados de custodiar las armas y municiones de nuestro Ejército, ustedes pueden tomar nota de que ninguna de nuestras armas han caído en las manos de nuestros enemigos."  ¶  "Definitivamente y categóricamente, en respuesta a su pregunta, yo retornaré a Nicaragua".  ¶  Al ser preguntando si él entendía cuanta influencia tenía Estados Unidos en Méjico, el contestó:  ¶  "No solo aquí, sino que en todas partes del mundo; todos tienen el derecho de limpiar su casa."  ¶  "Yo no pretendo visitar a personalidades de importancia política con carácter oficial.  No obstante, yo visitaré al Sr. Calles, al Sr. Portes Gil, y al Sr. Ortiz Rubio, para presentar mis respetos a ellos, nada más."  ¶  "Jamás, ni por un momento he abandonado la cause patriótica de mi País, el triunfo que el Pueblo de Nicaragua busca, y que está dispuesto a continuar luchando por ello, aún a costa del más grande sacrificio".  ¶  "Nosotros jamás nos detendremos hasta que la insolencia del Tío Sam, haya sido castigadas."  ¶  "Hasta el momento, nuestra lucha por la Libertad no ha encontrado respuestas favorables de los gobiernos Latinoamericanos, sino de parte de las personas de esos países."  ¶  Al preguntársele cuando el retornaría a Nicaragua el contestó:  . . . "  ¶  Desde:  M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2735.  Fecha: Ene. 31, 1930."

17.  January 31, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 2.     " . . . The circumstances in the case will fix the exact date of my return to Nicaragua. . . . Our army has struggled against the greatest power in the world, without aid,, regardless of the sacrifices and the sufferings which they have met.” ¶ “At the time of the negotiations with the United States I first thought of personally killing Chamorro, Diaz, and Moncada, but larer [later] thought that this would bring about the useless sacrifice of our people and might have been construed as a personal action of my own; therefore I determined to take upon my shoulders the entire responsibility of the fight and carry the banner of the fatherland which Moncada had cast to the ground, while he occupied himself in rasping the edge of his sword in the replete money-bags of Uncle Sam.” ¶ Asked, in case of his triumph, what he was going to do with those who had sold themselves for American gold, he replied: ¶ “If they come on their knees to me, and weep, and ask forgiveness, I would not be able to order them killed.” ¶ “Furthermore, practically all the people (of Nicaragua) even under the present circumstances where they appear to be pacified, are really armed and have hidden their arms in their own houses.” ¶ “I am satisfied, and it is my intuition, that in the future America (Latin) and Spain will clasp hands again, forgetting all the effects of the Conquest,- naturally when Spain has another Government substituted for the monarchy.” ¶ During his stay in Mexico City, Sandino will be covered by a special agent. ¶ 2. Movements and actions of Sandino January 29, 1930. ¶ Sandino is staying with Dr. Pedro Zepeda, who lives at the corner of Ontario and Alpes Streets, Chapultepec Heights, a suburb of Mexico City. Dr. Zepeda acts as Sandino’s representative in Mexico. ¶ The early part of the morning was spent with Zepeda, Estrada his so-called chief of staff, his secretary Martinez, etc. From 10 o’clock to 12 there were a number of callers,- personal friends, sympathizers, etc.,- most of them unknown. It is reported that no Government officials or politicians of importance were among them. At 12 o’clock Sandino, accompanied by his personal party, deposited a wreath at the Independence Monument, and performed the ceremony of Guard of Honor. After this, they went to the monument to the “Heroes of the Military College” in Chapultepec (graves of those killed by the American troops during the Mexican War). Agent states: “I understand perfectly that he has not visited any official office.” He states that he had enquired in various places and was assured that Sandino had not been there. ¶ (Report of Special Agent.) ¶ M. A. is reliably informed, however, by an American business man of unquestionable standing, who had an appointment with President Portes Gil at 1 o’clock on January 29th, that he had to wait until nearly two, in the anteroom before his appointment was kept; meanwhile, he saw Sandino and Dr.  . . .  ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2735. ¶ Date: Jan. 31, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino.  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.    "Reporte G-2  ¶  " . . .  las circunstancias en el caso, ajustaran la fecha exacta de mi regreso a Nicaragua. Nuestro ejército ha luchado contra el poder más grande en el mundo, sin ayuda … sin importar los sacrificios y los sufrimientos a los que ellos se han enfrentado".  ¶  "Al momento de las negociaciones con los Estados Unidos, primeramente pensé en matar personalmente a Chamorro, Díaz y Moncada, pero luego pensé esto traería el sacrificio inútil de nuestro pueblo y podría a haber sido considerado como una acción personal de mi parte:  por tanto determine echarme sobre mis hombros la responsabilidad entera de la pelea y cargar la bandera de Madre Patria, la cual Moncada había tirado al suelo, mientras él se ocupaba en raspar el filo de su espada en las bolsas repletas de dinero del tío Sam".  ¶  Preguntado, en el caso de su triunfo, que es lo que él iba hacer con aquellos que se vendían así mismo por oro americano, el respondió:  ¶  "Si ellos vienen sobre sus rodillas a mí, llorando y piden perdón, yo no podría ordenar que ellos fuesen ejecutados".  ¶  "Además prácticamente todo el pueblo (de Nicaragua) aún bajo las presentes circunstancias donde parecen estar muy pacíficos, ellos realmente están armados y tienen armamentos en sus propias casas".  ¶  "Yo estoy satisfecho, y hasta en mi intuición, que en el futuro América (Latina) y España unirán manos nuevamente, olvidando todos los efectos de la conquista.  Naturalmente cuando España tenga otro Gobierno que sustituya a la Monarquía".  ¶  Durante su estadía en la Ciudad de México, será cubierto por un agente especial.  ¶  2.  Movimientos y acciones de Sandino, 29 de enero de 1930.  ¶  Sandino está hospedado donde el Doctor Pedro Zepeda, quien vive en la esquina de las calles Ontario y Alpes, altos de Chapultepec, un suburbio de la Ciudad de Méjico, el Doctor Zepeda es el Representante de Sandino en Méjico.  ¶  Temprano por la mañana la paso con Zepeda, Estrada, su tal llamado Jefe de su personal, su secretario Martínez, etc...  De las 10 en punto a las 12 hubo un buen número de visitantes; amigos personales, simpatizantes, etc...  La mayoría desconocidos.  Se reporto que no había entre ellos oficiales del Gobierno o Políticos de importancia.  A las 12 en punto Sandino, acompañado por su comitiva personal, deposita una guirnalda en el Monumento de la Independencia, participo en la ceremonia de guardia de honor.  Después de esto fueron al monumento de "los Héroes del Colegio Militar" en Chapultepec (las tumbas de aquellos caídos en la guerra de Méjico por las tropas americanas).  ¶  El agente declara:  "yo estoy seguro que él no ha visitado ninguna oficina de oficiales".  ¶  El declara que ha preguntado en varios lugares y se le aseguro que Sandino no había estado ahí.  (Reporte de la agente especial).  ¶  M. A. es un informante confiable, sin embargo, un hombre de negocios americano de incuestionable reputación, quien tenía una cita con el Presidente Portes Gil, a la una en punto del 29 de enero, dijo que tuvo que esperar hasta casi las 2 pm, en la ante sala antes de que si cita fuera llevada a cabo; mientras tanto, el vio a Sandino y al doctor  . . . "  Desde: M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2735.  Fecha: Ene. 31, 1930."

18.  January 31, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City (with photo), Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 3.     ( ... transcription & translation continue below ...  ||  ... transcripción y traducción siguen a continuación ... )

19.  January 31, 1930.  G-2 Report on Activities of C. A. Sandino in Mexico City, Col. Gordon Johnston, Military Attaché, Mexico City, p. 4.     "G-2 Report ¶ . . . Zepeda taken into the President’s office, where they remained for three quarters of an hour. Sandino, appeared to be in a very happy humor on leaving. No mention was made of this in the press of the following day, January 30th, nor was it apparently known to press correspondents or others, that this visit to the President was paid. ¶ 3. Movements of Sandino on January 30, 1930. ¶ Until 10 o’clock in the morning Sandino was receiving visitors at the home of Dr. Zepeda. At 10 he went to the office of Dr. Zepeda, at Balderas 24, where a considerable number of friends and sympathizers called on him until about noon. After lunch he returned to the same office, where he continued to receive numerous visitors. Agent was informed by José Constantino González, a member of Sandino’s staff, that some forty or fifty people had visited Sandino during the day, counting among them General Velasco (not on the active list of the army), and various officers of the Mexican army, senators, deputies, and some aviators. He was also interviewed by correspondents of various newspapers. ¶ At the house of President-elect Ortiz Rubio agent was informed that Sandino had not been there. ¶ Sandino was invited to attend a dinner tomorrow (Jan. 31st) at the home of Guillermo Olivares. ¶ 4. A photograph is attached, showing Sandino standing guard after pacing the wreath on the Independence Monument. The names of those accompanying him, from left to right, are as follows: ¶ Licenciado Maraviac Morteau, Haitian, representative of the Anti-Imperialists of Haiti. ¶ Col. Agustín Martí, representative of the people of Salvador, and chief of Sandino’s staff. ¶ Gen. Francisco Estrada, Second in Command of Sandino’s Nicaraguan Army. ¶ Augusto Cesar Sandino. ¶ Dr. Pedro J. Zepeda, representative of Sandino in Mexico. ¶ Esteban Pavletish, Peruvian; member of Sandino’s staff. ¶ José Constantino Gónzalez, Nicaraguan, member of Sandino’s staff. ¶ Dr. Enrique Rivera Bertraud, Mexican; President of the Anti-Imperialistic League of the city of Vera Cruz. ¶ Amado Chaverri Matamoros, Costa Rican; director of the publication “Patria Grande”. ¶ 5. The “Democrata”, one of the afternoon dailies of Mexican City, has begun the publication of the history of Sandino, the first instalment appearing in the issue of January 30th. ¶ J/p ¶ Gordon Johnston. ¶ Colonel, Cavalry, ¶ Military Attaché. ¶ Source: Confidential; ¶ Press. ¶ From: M.A.Mexico. ¶ Report No. 2735. ¶ Date: Jan. 31, 1930."

This document translated via the kind courtesy of Walter C. Sandino  //  Este documento traducido a través la amable cortesía de Walter C. Sandino.   "Reporte G-2.  ¶  "... Zepeda que eran llevados a la oficina del Presidente, donde permanecieron por tres cuartos de hora.  Sandino parecía estar de buen humor al salir.  No hubo mención sobre esto en la prensa del siguiente día, 30 de enero, ni tampoco fue conocido por los corresponsales de la prensa aparentemente, o algún otro, de que se realizo esta visita al Presidente.  ¶  3. Movimiento de Sandino el 30 de enero de 1930.  ¶  Hasta las 10 en punto de la mañana, Sandino estaba recibiendo visitas en la casa del Dr. Zepeda, en Balderas 24, donde un considerable número de amigos y simpatizantes lo visitaron hasta el mediodía.  Después del almuerzo él regreso a la misma oficina, donde continuo recibiendo numerosos visitantes.  El agente fue informado por José Constantino Gonzales, un miembro del personal de Sandino, que unas 40 o 50 personas habían visitado a Sandino durante el día, contando entre ellos al General Velasco (no es de la lista activa del Ejercito), y varios oficiales del Ejército Mexicano, cenadores, diputados y algunos aviadores.  El también fue entrevistado por corresponsales de varios periódicos.  ¶  En la casa del Presidente electo Ortiz Rubio, el agente fue informado que Sandino no había estado ahí.  ¶  Sandino fue invitado a una cena mañana (31 de enero) en la casa de Guillermo Olivares.  ¶  4. Una fotografía está incluida, mostrando a Sandino haciendo guardia de honor después de poner la corona en el Monumento de la Independencia.  ¶  Los nombres de aquellos que lo acompañan de izquierda a derecha son:  ¶  Lic. Maraviac Morteau, Haitiano, Representante de los Antiimperialistas de Haití.  ¶  Cnel. Agustín Farabundo Martí, Representante del pueblo del Salvador y Jefe de personal de apoyo de Sandino.  ¶  Gral. Francisco Estrada, Segundo al mando del Ejército de Sandino en Nicaragua.  ¶  Augusto Cesar Sandino.  ¶  Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, Representante de Sandino en México.  ¶  Esteban Pavletich, Peruano, Miembro del personal de apoyo de Sandino.  ¶  José Constantino Gonzales, Nicaragüense y miembro del personal de apoyo de Sandino.  ¶  Dr. Enrique Rivera Bertrand, Mexicano, Presidente de la Liga Antiimperialista de la ciudad de Veracruz.  ¶  Amado Chaverri Matamoros, costarricense, Director de la publicación "Patria grande".  ¶  5. "El Democrata," un diario vespertino de la ciudad de Méjico, ha comenzado la publicación de la historia de Sandino, el primer artículo aparecido en la edición especial del día 30 de enero.  ¶  J/P  ¶  Fuente:  confidencial;  ¶  Gordon Johnston, Coronel de Caballería.  ¶  Prensa.  ¶  Agregado militar  ¶  Desde:  M. A. México.  Reporte No. 2735.  Fecha: Ene. 31, 1930."

20.  January 31, 1930.  Confidential Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, Gen. Logan Feland, USMC, San Francisco, to CO Naval Operating Base, San Diego CA.     "C_O_P_Y ¶ UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ¶ Headquarters, Department of the Pacific ¶ 100 Harrison Street ¶ SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ January 31, 1930. ¶ From: The Commanding General. ¶ To: The Commanding General, Marine Corps Base, ¶ Naval Operating Base, San Diego, Calif. ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators. ¶ Enclosure: 1. (Copy of MCG letter No. 1975-35-15-AD-37 kk dated 20 January, 1930, including endorsements thereon and Major Rowell’s confidential report dated 28 Jan. 1930.) ¶ 1. Original of enclosure 1 has been forwarded to the Major General Commandant this date, but the information contained in Major Rowell’s report is not sufficient to be of much practical value as far as the possible future activities of the Central American aviators may be concerned. ¶ 2. It is noted that in paragraph 4 of Major Rowell’s report two men: Efraim Trava and Alonzo Garibaldi claim to be residents of Merida, Yucatan, which place has been a recent abode of Sandino. ¶ 3. With a view to obtaining all possible information which may be of value to our forces in Nicaragua, it is desired that you take such action as you may deem appropriate with a view to ascertaining intelligence information concerning future intentions of these men. ¶ /s/ LOGAN FELAND."

21.  January-February 1930.  Press clippings:  Jan 28: "Sandino Planning to Return To Continue Fight on 'American Oppression,' Ex-Rebel Says at Mexico City, New York Sun.   Jan 29: "Sandino Maps New Campaign In Nicaragua," New York Tribune.   Jan 29: "Sandino Will Return to Rid Nicaragua of Yankees, He Says," Washington News.   Feb 7: "Sandino to Quit Mexico For Nicaragua by March," New York Herald Tribune.    "SANDINO PLANNING NICARAGUA RETURN ¶ To Continue Fight on “American Oppression,” Ex-Rebel Says at Mexico City ¶ MEXICO CITY, Jan. 28 (AP).—Augustino Sandino, former Nicaraguan insurgent leader, arrived in Mexico City today from Vera Cruz. He told Mexican newspaper men that he planned to return to Nicaragua at an early date to carry on his campaign against “American oppression,” saying he had 2 000 loyal followers awaiting his return and that he would take up his campaign where he left off last June. ¶ Sandino was found riding in a day coach. “This is how I am spending that $60,000 the newspapers say I was paid to get out of Nicaragua.[“] ¶ Sandino Will Return to Rid Nicaragua of Yankees, He Says ¶ Undismayed by Failure of Plans for Welcoming Reception as He Arrives in Mexico City ¶ By United Press ¶ MEXICO CITY—“Gen.” Agustino Sandino, a small, thin man wearing a grey sombrero and wrinkled civilian clothes, has arrived in Mexico City with the announced purpose of returning to Nicaragua and freeing that country from “Yankee tutelage.” ¶ He was undismayed by the complete failure of plans for a welcoming reception at the railroad station here. ¶ He declared himself confident of ultimate success in his campaign against the government of President Moncada of Nicaragua, which he said was merely postponed when he fled to Merida, Yucatan, last year after having led the U. S. Marines a merry chase for months thru the Nicaraguan wilderness. ¶ His mission in Mexico City, he said, is connected with his plans to return and resist the “invaders.” ¶ Sandino had sat up all night in a day coach during the ride from Vera Cruz. The “General” cited his inexpensive mode of travel as disapproving charges that he had accepted a bribe to leave Nicaragua. ¶ “Nicaragua wants to be rid of the Yankees,” he declared. “They prefer liberty to the illusory riches President Moncada offers. When the time comes we will capture Managua with the loyal followers who are now awaiting the moment to strike.” ¶ Sandino Maps New Campaign In Nicaragua ¶ Rebel Chief Arrives in Mexico City to Complete Revolt  Plans Against Moncada ¶ Assails ‘Yankee Tutelage’ ¶ U. S. ‘Flying Clinic’ Honored at Costa Rican Capital ¶ By The United Press ¶ MEXICO CITY, Jan. 28.—“General” Augustino Sandino, a small, thin man wearing a gray Texas sombrero and wrinkled civilian clothes, arrived in Mexico City today with the announced purpose of returning to Nicaragua and freeing that country from “Yankee tutelage.” ¶ He was undismayed by the complete failure of the plans started for a welcoming reception at the railroad station here. ¶ Declaring himself confident of ultimate success in his campaign against the government of President Moncada of Nicaragua, he said things had been merely postponed when he fled to Merida, Yucatan, last year after having led the United States Marines a long chase through the Nicaraguan wilderness. ¶ “Nicaragua wants to be rid of the Yankees,” he declared. “They prefer liberty to the illusory riches President Moncada offers. When the time comes we will capture Managua with the loyal followers who are now awaiting the moment to strike.” ¶ He declared the proposed Nicaraguan Canal is merely a United States plan to establish a naval base in Nicaragua. ¶ Sandino was enthusiastic about his trip yesterday over the Pan-American Airways Line from Merida to Vera Cruz. It was his first flight. ¶ Sandino to Quit Mexico For Nicaragua by March ¶ Rebel Leader Continues Talks With Independence Groups ¶ By Cable to the Herald Tribune ¶ Copyright, 1930, New York Tribune Inc. ¶ MEXICO CITY, Feb. 8.—General Augustino Sandino, the Nicaraguan rebel leader, will return to Merida soon after February 15, according to his present plans. Since his arrival here toward the end of January, he has devoted his attention to stimulating the propaganda in favor of his cause, receiving dainly [daily] a not insignificant flow of visitors at the office of Dr. Pedro J. Zepeda, his local representative, where he has made his headquarters. ¶ One of the Nicaraguan patriot’s first acts upon his arrival was to visit Mexico’s Independence Monument, where he placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of Father Hidalgo, Mexico’s George Washington. Yesterday Sandino and a group of his followers called at the monument again and placed a porcelain floral tribute as a more lasting offering, wrapped in the Nicaraguan flag, on the vault containing Father Hidalgo’s bones, together with the inscription: “With all respect and admiration for the invincible Hidalgo and other heroes of Mexican independence—Sandino, Zepeda.” ¶ During his stay here, General Sandino has rarely been available in the early mornings, rising generally about noon, which has served to strengthen the report that such conferences as he has held with his sympathizers, the majority of whom are of the student type, have taken place at night."

22.  January 28, 1930.  Confidential Memorandum on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, Major Ross E. Rowell, USMC Headquarters Aircraft Squadrons, West Coast Expeditionary Forces, Naval Air Station, San Diego CA, to Col. Harry Lay, USMC San Diego CA, p. 1.     "C O P Y ¶ UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ¶ HEADQUARTERS, AIRCRAFT SQUADRONS, WEST COAST EXPEDITIONARY FORCES, ¶ NAVAL AIR STATION, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA ¶ 28 January 1930. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ Memorandum for: Colonel Harry Lay, U.S. Marine Corps, ¶ Marine Corps Base, Naval Operating Base, ¶ San Diego, California. ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators. ¶ Reference: (a) Letter CG Dept. of Pacific dated 20 January 1930 with enclosures. ¶ 1. While conducting the aerial operations during the recent campaign against Sandino, I was obliged to carry on an intensive study of the intelligence activities in general. It is true that the Anti-Imperialistic League was closely associated with an organization that actively supported Sandino. This organization has its headquarters in Mexico City. I note that the writer of the letter expected to be in Mexico City on 10 January. I note from press dispatches that Sandino has received permission to visit Mexico City recently. The circumstances appear to indicate some continued activity by the same personnel. It is my personal opinion that the major object of the society is to secure easy money for the prime agitators. ¶ 2. The enclosed letters are rather typical of several others I have seen. They are usually well padded with lies as to large sums of money available and falsehoods regarding elaborate preparations already completed. Sandino habitually used such methods to secure recruits from Honduras and Salvador. In noting the final paragraph of this memo it is, however, worthy of note that Sandino and a few of his old leading men have been reported as being near Merida, in Yucatan, for several months. ¶ 3. Due to the difficult terrain and lack of transportation facilities existing in Nicaragua, it is very unlikely that military airplanes could be successfully smuggled into that country. Because of the difficulty of securing armaments, such as aircraft machine guns, mounts, synchronizers, bomb racks, etc., the necessity of obtaining highly trained personnel, the seriousness of the supply problem and the heavy expense involved, it is very unlikely that aircraft could be successfully used by any expedition of a filabuster [filibuster] nature. . . . "

23.  January 28, 1930.  Confidential Memorandum on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, Major Ross E. Rowell, USMC Headquarters Aircraft Squadrons, West Coast Expeditionary Forces, Naval Air Station, San Diego CA, to Col. Harry Lay, USMC San Diego CA, p. 2.     "C_O_P_Y_ ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators. ¶ . . . Such an operation could be successfully undertaken, perhaps, if completely equipped and organized in some foreign country, secretly landed and based on the territory of Honduras, Salvador, or C osta Rica [Costa Rica]. ¶ 4. The following is a report on all Latin-Americans taking aviation instruction in San Diego flying schools. ¶ (a) Efraim Trava:- Educated, intelligent, and appears well-to-do. Claims Mexican citizenship and resides in Merida, Yucatan. Claims to be a Chrysler automobile agent. Student aviator at T.C. Ryan Flying School. San Diego address 449-57th St. ¶ (b) Alonzo Garibaldi: Educated and intelligent. Claims to be a Mexican from Merida, Yucatan, and a partner of Trava in the automobile business. Has plenty of money. Student aviator at T.C. Ryan Flying School. San Diego address: 480-63rd St. ¶ (c) Gonzalo Grabbell:- Claims to be a Mexican. Is well-to-do. Mexican address not learned. Student aviator at T.C. Ryan Flying School. Present address: 765-10th St., San Diego. ¶ (d) Carlos Palencia:- Educated and intelligent. Has ample funds. Claims to be Chilian [Chilean]. Taking advanced flying instruction at T.C. Ryan Flying School. San Diego address; 1880 Kearney St. This man is a very good flyer. ¶ (e) Enrico Castino:- Intelligent Latin-American. Ample funds. Claims to be a Captain in the Mexican Army. Student aviator at Air Tech Flying School. Local address not learned. ¶ (f) Latones Batres:- Claims to be Mexican from the vicinity of Mexicali. Has completed aviation instruction in some school here. Reported to be a good pilot. Now employed by Jack Thornburg at Phoenix, Arizona. ¶ /s/ Ross E. Rowell ¶ Maj. U.S.M.C."

24.  January 20, 1930.  Confidential Memorandum on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, USMC Major General Commandant John A. Lejeune to CO USMC Naval Operating Base, San Diego CA.     "C_O_P_Y ¶ 1975-35-15 ¶ AD-37-kk ¶ 20 January 1930. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ From: The Major General Commandant. ¶ To: The Commanding Officer, Marine Corps Base, ¶ Naval Operating Base, San Diego, Calif. ¶ Via: The Commanding General, Department of the Pacific. ¶ Subject: Activities of Nicaraguan aviators. ¶ Enclosures: (2) ¶ 1. Please institute immediately discreet inquiries in regard to any Nicaraguans undergoing instructions at the Commercial Aviation Schools, San Diego, Calif., with a view to ascertaining names of such students, the length of time they have been enrolled, when they will complete their course, their occupation and residence prior to enrolling, and probable intentions upon completion of the course. ¶ /s/ D. P. HALL, ¶ By direction. ¶ 1st Endorsement. ¶ Headquarters, Department of the Pacific, San Francisco, Calif., ¶ January 25, 1930. ¶ From: The Commanding General, ¶ To: The Commanding Officer, Marine Corps Base, ¶ Naval Operating Base, San Diego, California. ¶ 1. Forwarded for compliance and return of all papers by air-mail with your report at the earliest practicable date. ¶ /s/ F. D. KILGORE ¶ By direction."

25.  January 20, 1930.  1st Endorsement of Letter of Major Gen. Commandant Lejeune Relative to Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, to Major J. D. Murray, USMC, New York City, and 2nd Endorsement (Report) by Major Murray, NY City.     "C_O_P_Y ¶ AD-37-kk ¶ 1st Endorsement. ¶ Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, 20 January 1930 ¶ From: The Major General Commandant. ¶ To: Major J. D. Murray, U.S.M.C., ¶ Headquarters, District of New York, ¶ 18 East Twenty-third Street, ¶ New York, N.Y. ¶ Subject: Letter to Major General Commandant relative to activities of Nicaraguan aviators. ¶ 1. In accordance with your suggestion, you will take up with Mr. E. H. Brainard, former Major, U.S. Marine Corps, now with the Curtiss Company, New York City, the matter of the alleged purchase of five Curtiss planes, and make further inquiry of the activities of Lisboa at Roosevelt Field, the Chilean Consulate, and any other sources that may develop. ¶ /s/ D. P. HALL, ¶ By direction. ¶ 2nd Endorsement. ¶ Headquarters, Recruiting District of New York, 31 January 1930. ¶ 18 East 23rd Street, New York, N.Y. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ From: Major J. D. Murray, U.S.M.C. ¶ To: The Major General Commandant, Headquarters, ¶ U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. ¶ 1. Returned. In compliance with the instructions contained in the preceding endorsement I went to 323 West 30th Street, New York, N.Y. where the same landlady whom I interviewed on my previous visit said that Miguel Lisboa had left about two weeks previously owing about $24.00. The Consulate General of Chile stated that Lisboa had not registered another address, and there is no one registered by the name of Lisboa at Roosevelt Field. ¶ 2. Mr. Edwin H. Brainard’s assistant, Mr. Day, at the Curtiss-Wright Flying Service, 27 West 57th St., New York, N.Y. called me to say that my inquiry had been forwarded from Major Brainard (now in Chicago), for investigation, and stated positively that no planes had been sold to any Central American parties as far back as he could recall. ¶ /s/ J. D. Murray."

26.  Saturday, January 4, 1930.  Letter from R. Puenzalida, G., Managua, to Lt. Manuel Lopez Osorio, Hotel Miami FL, and Sgt. Humberto Donozo, Liga Anti-Imperialista de America.     "(COPY)  ¶  Dr. José. A.P.R. ¶  Señor Manuel López, Osorio. Aeronautics.  ¶  Four airplanes of the most modern type well equipped with machine guns and bomb carriers for the service of defense valued at the sum of $98,000.  ¶  These machines have been in Nicaraguan territory since October 1929 and are divided up for expeditions.  ¶  1st expedition: From the State of Chinandega across to San Marcos - to Sugagapa - Chinandega - crossing the Lake of Managua - and stopping at San Roque or Brazil.  ¶  2nd expedition: Will consist of a better defense equipment and will take place in the State of Granada near the Mombacho Volcano or the city of Granada.  This expedition will join the first.  ¶  3rd expedition: Will penetrate Nueva Segovia as closely as possible to the capital and will be in touch with the general staff; general quartering of troops will be found near the Cookra River and will be distributed as far as the Lagoon of Bluefields. (Meaning not clear in original)  ¶  General Sandino has been fully aware of this movement but will take no part because he is unable to attack the Yankee marines.  ¶  The funds will amount to more than one million pesos, collecting daily, the attack will be composed of two divisions, the first division will attack Managua, and the second the North American marines by machine gun and bombardment with the squadron which will consist of   ¶  We have all the elements of war for the attack which will be a surprise attack by night.  Among the constabulary of Managua we have various men for secret information as well as in the government; everything will be ready for the coming season.  ¶  The only obstacle are the marines who are to be attacked without pity.  ¶  You and your friend wish to come to see us to discuss the position which they are going to take and that they present to you this letter as countersign.  (Construction of original not clear).  ¶  If you assist us you will receive a large amount of money, all that you want; we have in our service two American aviators, under contract, and a Spanish boy, about 15 good pilots.  Long live liberty!  ¶  Don José will tell you everything. Order Adjutant. ..."

27.  January 10, 1930.  Confidential Report by Major J. D. Murray, USMC, New York City, to the Major Gen. Comandant, USMC Washington, on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, p. 1.     "C_O_P_Y ¶ UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ¶ Eastern Recruiting Division ¶ Headquarters, District of New York ¶ 18 East Twenty-third Street ¶ New York, N.Y. ¶ January 10, 1930. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ From: Major J. D. Murray, U.S.M.C. ¶ To: The Major General Commandant, Headquarters, ¶ U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D. C. ¶ Subject: Letter to Major General Commandant relative to activities of Nicaraguan aviators. ¶ Reference: (a) Letter MGC #1975-35-15 A-159-mve, dated 8 January 1930. ¶ Enclosure: (1) ¶ 1. Complying with reference (a), I immediately went to 323 West 30th Street in this City, and upon being told by the landlady that no one by the name of Osorio lived there left an unsigned note addressed to Mr. M. L. Osorio, stating that if he would call at 18 East 23rd Street, fourth floor, or call the office telephone number which I gave him he might learn something to his advantage. ¶ 2. Some hours later a young man brought the note to me and explained that it was expedient for him to live at a boarding house under an assumed name. He showed me a letter dated July 1928, identifying him as Miguel Lisboa, and stating in effect that he was in the United States as a student of aeronautical navigation and that any favor done him would be appreciated by the Chilean government. This letter was in English and Spanish, stamped with a seal and signed-----------David, Chilean Ambassador. ¶ 3. This young man unfortunately spoke as little English as I do Spanish, but emphasized that in writing the letter, a translation of which you sent me, and the authorship of which he admitted, he was acting solely according to his sense of duty. ¶ 4. He stated that he is a Sub-Lieutenant of Infantry in the Chilean Army now on aviation detail and works and studies daily at Roosevelt Field, Long Island, New York. He showed me letters from General Fechet, Chief of Aviation, U.S. Army, and from Senator Bingham, Connecticut, regarding a stabilizer which . . . "

28.  January 10, 1930.  Confidential Report by Major J. D. Murray, USMC, New York City, to the Major Gen. Comandant, USMC Washington, on Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators, p. 2.     "C_O_P_Y ¶ . . . he claims to have invented. His manner was not at all that of a ‘crank’ or fanatic, and he gave me the address and telephone number of the Chilean Consul in New York, who verified him by name as a Chilean citizen, but knew nothing of his being an officer in the Army. He goes there for his mail the Consul told me over the telephone and simply stated to him that he is in America studying aviation. ¶ 5. Lisboa speaks of a Nicaraguan Doctor, about 38 years old, whose name he did not know, but described him as a “capitalist’, and two young Nicaraguans, all of whom are in San Diego, California, the two young men in a Commercial Aviation School. He spoke of Doctor or Lieutenant Manuel Lopez Osorio, as having recently purchased five Curtiss planes here in addition to the four mentioned in the enclosure. In this connection I might suggest that I take the matter up with Mr. Edwin H. Brainard, formerly a Major in the U.S. Marine Corps and now here with the Curtiss Company. I shall not, however, do this until so instructed. ¶ 6. On one card of the enclosure there is given an itinerary of Lopez, or Osorio, which I have labeled in pencil and according to which he would be in Mexico City today. I have made a copy of the enclosure, which Lisboa states is a copy he made unbeknownst to Osorio from a letter which Osorio received from Nicaragua. ¶ /s/ J. D. Murray."

29.  January 8, 1930.  Confidential letter from Major Gen. Comandant, USMC, Washington D.C. to Major J. D. Murray, USMC, New York City, re Confidential letter from M. L. Osorio, New York City, to US Navy Department, Washington D.C., re Activities of Nicaraguan Aviators.   "C_O_P_Y ¶ 1975-35-15 ¶ A-159-mve ¶ 8 January 1930. ¶ CONFIDENTIAL ¶ From: The Major General Commandant. ¶ To: Major J. D. Murray, U.S. Marine Corps, ¶ Marine Corps Recruiting Station, ¶ 186-23rd St., New York, N.Y. ¶ Subject: Letter to Major General Commandant relative to activities of Nicaraguan aviators. ¶ Enclosure: (1) ¶ 1. There is enclosed herewith a copy of the translation of the letter from M. L. Osorio, 323 W. 30th St., New York City, on the above subject. This letter was written in rather crude Spanish and the enclosure is believed to be as accurate a translation as can be made. ¶ 2. It is desired that you make discreet inquiries concerning the origin and contents of this letter and transmit to the Major General Commandant any information that you may be able to obtain. ¶ /s/ D. P. HALL, ¶ By direction."

30.  January 3, 1930.  Confidential letter from M. L. Osorio, New York City, to US Navy Department, Washington D.C.   "C_O_P_Y ¶ OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE ¶ 3 January 1930. ¶ TRANSLATION: EMS ¶ COPY: MPS ¶ M. L. Osorio ¶ 323 W. 3th [30th] St., ¶ N. Y. C. ¶ Navy Department, U.S.A. ¶ Dear Sir: ¶ I am addressing your department to inform you that here in New York there were two distinguished persons who were going about in search of new types of planes, one of them being an aviator. I believe that they had no passports because they came by air. I gave them the names of various salesmen and representatives of aircraft firms. Afterwards they told me they were from Nicaragua, that is to say from Managua and were under the protection of the Anti-imperialistic League of America. They now have four airplanes with complete equipment are under the instruction of a North American aviator from Los Angeles, California, who is being very well paid; if I will join them they will pay me a good salary. I told them that I could have nothing to do with international matters. They gave me 50 dollars, this address: ¶ Tore, A.P.R. ¶ Correo central (Main Post Office), Nicaragua, Managua. ¶ These men about three days ago went to Chicago, and from there they go to Pensacola to meet a friend, and from there they return to prepare the attack against the Marines. You do not realize the program they have, not to leave a Marine alive. ¶ I beg that you will consider this matter as confidential and that a minute investigation will be begun at once in order that it may be successful. I wish no one to know anything of this matter besides yourself. Afterwards I will send you the complete program of this military movement which they have in hand. ¶ Sincerely yours, ¶ (Signed) M. L. Osorio."

31.  December 15, 1931 & January 1, 1932.  News clippings:  Dec 15: "Restoration of Army Asked in Nicaragua," New York Times.  Jan 1: "Five Nicaraguan Rebels Slain in 2 Encounters," Washington Post.    "RESTORATION OF ARMY ASKED IN NICARAGUA ¶ Chambers of Commerce Tell Hoover National Guard Can’t Cope With Outlaws. ¶ Special to The New York Times. ¶ WASHINGTON, Dec. 14.—Coincident with a renewal of outlaw activity in Northwestern Nicaragua, the Chambers of Commerce in Managua and Leon have sent petitions to President Hoover through the State Department asking that permission be granted for the establishment of a national army in Nicaragua. These appeals have been acknowledged, through the United States Legation in Managua, without discussing their merits or signifying the attitude of this government. ¶ When Colonel Henry L. Stimson, as the representative of President Coolidge, brought the Nicaraguan revolutionary movement to a close by a truce in 1928, it was agreed that there should be no national army in Nicaragua but a national guard merely for police purposes. It was believed that this would make less possible future outbreaks of rebellion through the presence of a national army that might be manipulated for political purposes. There has been no indication that the United States has since changed its views favoring a national guard exclusively. ¶ Since the warfare with outlaws was resumed recently the National Guard has been temporarily strengthened through the enlistment for short terms of 300 “auxiliaries.” Advices have indicated that the reinforced guard would be sufficient to cope with the situation. ¶ The arms that were laid down by both sides in the truce of 1928 were delivered into the custody of the National Guard, according to Marine Headquarters here. As far as is known the guard has the use of them. ¶ Five Nicaraguan Rebels Slain in 2 Encounters ¶ Managua, Nicaragua, Dec. 31 (U.P.). Two engagements between insurrectionists and National Guard patrols commanded by American officers occurred near El Chipote today. ¶ Five rebels were killed and many wounded, one of the latter being Rafael Altimarino, a member of Augustino Sandino’s staff. Sandino was reported retreating toward the Coco River."

32.  December 29, 1931.  G-2 Report on Movements & Activities of Nicaraguan Bandits in Nicaragua, Major Fred. T. Cruse, Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa, with news clipping from Washington Herald, Jan. 16, "Sandino Force Slays Marine."    News clipping:  "A U.S. Marine officer was reported among heavy casualties marking the defeat of Nicaraguan bandits by national guardsmen on the Coco River sector, advices from Bluefields, Nicaragua, today stated.  ¶  The battle occurred yesterday with the guardsmen fiercely attacking the river rendezvous where Gen. Augusto Sandino's rebel followers were concentrating for a drive along the Atlantic seaboard.  ¶  During the encounter an airplane, believed to have flown out of Mexico, operated with the Sandinistas."   Intelligence Report:  "The following information was received by letter from Dr. Alejandro Cerda Guillen, Nicaraguan living in Danlí: ¶ About December 10th, a messenger from Sandino named Inez Perez of Jicaro, Nicaragua, brought correspondence from Sandino to Alfonso Irias and Jose Idiaquez (Danli, Honduras). He came direct from their General Encampment. The correspondence was dated in “El Chipotón”. According to the messenger “El Chipotón” is three miles from “El Naranjal”, from which point you go down to the Murra river and the mountain peak which you see directly in front of you is “El Chipotón”. The messengers from Sandino take the following route: From “El Chipotón[“] they go to “San Geronimo” where they spend the night at the Garcia house; from there they proceed to the house of Juan Pablo Bellorin on the border resting there the second night; proceeding from there to Danlí. ¶ In the correspondence which Sandino sent to Idiaquez there was a statement to the foreign press. This and all other correspondence that comes from Sandino is deposited in the post office of Danli. ¶ This messenger stated that Sandino received arms and ammunition of war by way of Cabo Gracias á Dios, and that he now has a good armament to realize an offensive. The same messenger stated that in Matagalpa, Jinotega, Esteli and Nueva Segovia they have very good friends and that they are better off than the Guardia because they bring them food, clothes and do not betray them, and that in those departments they have imposed contributions and that practically all have been paid. In Ocotal the following paid $1,000.00: Cipriano Vilchez, Justo Pastor Lovo, Arturo Garmendia of Somoto who they consider as one of their best friends as he not only pays the annual contribution but also sends them clothes. They put Toribio Quiñonez down for $1,000.00 which, to date, he has not paid, but they are confident he will pay it for fear they will capture and behead him or impose a larger contribution. ¶ The last time that Juan Gregorio Colindres passed by the town of San Fernando, stated the messenger, all the people came out to offer their services unconditionally and food, asking him not to enter as that act would compromise them with the Guardia. Cerda states that undoubtedly Sandino has wounded men in his camps as he saw the messenger come out of the house of Dr. Zambrano with medicines. ¶ A letter bearing the signature and seal of Sandino which is probably one of the letters referred to in the second paragraph was shown by Mario Rivas, local agent of the Associated Press, to Sergeant Kessler, the clerk in this office. In this letter Sandino stated that he would concentrate, rest and re-equip all his troops for an offensive into the interior of Nicaragua during the months of January, February and March, 1932, with the object, if the offensive is a success, of attacking the city of Managua, Nicaragua, on 9 April, 1932."   [News clipping:]   SANDINO FORCE SLAYS MARINE ¶ COLON, Panama, Jan. 15 (U.S.).—A U. S. Marine officer was reported among heavy casualties marking the defeat of Nicaraguan bandits by national guardsmen on the Coco River sector, advices from Bluefields, Nicaragua, today stated. ¶ The battle occurred yesterday with the guardsmen fiercely attacking the river rendezvous where Gen. Augusto Sandino’s rebel followers were concentrating for a drive along the Atlantic seaboard. ¶ During the encounter an airplane, believed to have flown out of Mexico, operated with the Sandinistas."

33.  December 21, 1931.  G-2 Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Refugees in Costa Rica, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José.     "COSTA RICA ¶ POPULATION & SOCIAL ¶ No. 2700 – Public Order and Safety. ¶ Activities of Nicaraguan Refugees in Costa Rica. ¶ With reference to our report No. 4, of December 14th, 1931, the following article appeared in the Diario de Costa Rica of December 20th, 1931:-- ¶ “On account of knowledge which the Government of Costa Rica has that various Nicaraguans are organizing in this country in order to return to Nicaragua to join the forces of Sandino, the necessary measures have been taken to prevent their doing so and to guarantee the neutrality of the Government of Costa Rica in accordance with the Washington Treaties. ¶ It has come to our knowledge that the Government of Nicaragua knew of the designs of many of their citizens in this country and that it has taken the necessary steps to prevent their leaving Costa Rica. ¶ Also, orders have been given by the Costa Rican Government to watch this group of Nicaraguans and prevent them leaving the country. Already many have been detained and have been ordered to present themselves daily to the authorities. One of them, Guillermo Zeledón R., who accompanied by his wife, tried to leave the country, was imprisoned for some hours and later set at liberty on his promise to report to the authorities every day. ¶ Also we are informed that on the North Frontier, no Nicaraguan who cannot show that his leaving the country is for other reasons than joining Sandino’s forces, will be permitted to leave.” ¶ Report No. 12 ¶ San José, December 21, 1931¶ Source – Newspapers. ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

34.  December 16, 1931.  G-2 Report on Latest Bandit Activities, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.     "NICARAGUA ¶ POPULATION & SOCIAL ¶ No. 2700 – Public Order and Safety. ¶ Latest Bandit Activities. ¶ The following article appearing in the Diario de Costa Rica of Tuesday, December 15th is forwarded to G-2 for the purpose of showing the amount of publicity that is being given in Central America to the Sandino operations. Note: While in El Salvador I found the same conditions existing there as here. Every opportunity was taken by the papers to exploit any small success of Sandino. The Guardia successes were never given or were given very small notices:-- ¶ “In confirmation of the notices which we have been giving of the Nicaraguan situation, we reproduce today the map of the military operations in the Departments of Leon, Chinandega and Managua of that Republic, taken from the Moncardista Diario, “LA NOTICIA” of Managua, dated December 2, 1931. ¶ From the same paper we give the following details of the principal combats which took place in November between Sandino’s forces, scattered through the Departments mentioned, and the forces of General Moncada’s Government commanded by Sergeants of the Marines of the United States. ¶ THE FOURTEEN COMBATS OF THE PAST MONTH ¶ The combats were as follows:-- ¶ Los Arados – on November 1, 1931 ¶ La Laguna “ “ 9, 1931 ¶ Las Cañas “ “ 11, 1931 ¶ San Juan de Telpaneca 15, 1931 ¶ Las Vegas on “ 20th 1931 ¶ Moyocunda on “ 25, 1931 ¶ Las Escarbaderos “ 26, 1931 ¶ La Cenicera “ 26, 1931 ¶ Valla de las Zapatas “ 28, 1931 ¶ El Cuadro “ 29, 1931 ¶ Rota “ 29, 1931 ¶ In all these encounters the Guardia Nacional were commanded by Captains of the Guard, (Sergeants of the Marine Corps) Williams, Friesbie, and Griffin and Lieutenants of the Guard, (Marine Officers) Brown, Hutcheroft, Hamas, Hendrick and Gardner. ¶ The actual total of the Moncadista National Army reached 3,000 men and officers. The total is composed as follows:-- . . . "

35.  December 16, 1931.  G-2 Report on Latest Bandit Activities, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.     " . . . American Officers 202 ¶ Nicaraguan Officers (2nd Lieutenants only) 37 ¶ Cadets and Soldiers 2150 ¶ Auxiliaries 300 ¶ Volunteers 311 ¶ 3000 ¶ WHEN THEY ALMOST CAPTURED MONCADA ¶ From the same Nicaraguan Diario, “LA NOTICIA”, under date of December 1, 1931, we quote the following headlines:-- ¶ “PRESIDENT MONCADA WAS IN ROTA, LEÓN, AND A FEW HOURS AFTERWARDS THE PLACE WAS ATTACKED BY 200 BANDITS. NUMEROUS COMBATS AND ENCOUNTERS.” ¶ The article to which we refer says: ¶ Sunday, the day before yesterday, in the morning, General Moncada, accompanied by the Minister and sub-Secretary of War, doctor Antonio Flores Vega and don Fernando Córdoba respectively, by the Commander of the President’s Guard, Captain Herbert S. Keimling, and a small body of foot soldiers, went to inspect the railroad line which is being constructed from León to El Sauce and had arrived at the town of Rota. In Rota the President and his companions remained some hours. Three hours afterwards and while the President and the Chief Director of the Guardia has lain down to rest, they were awakened by three rings of the telephone and left their beds. The call announced that Juan Gregorio Colindres at the head of 200 Sandinistas, strongly equipped with rifles and machine guns had attacked the Camp at Rota, captured all the Guardia Nacional that formed the garrison and stripped them and assaulted them cruelly. Advice from Rota yesterday states that Colindres took all the rifles, machine guns and ammunition from the garrison and went toward La Paz, yelling – “Long Live Sandino” – “Death to Moncada and the North Americans.” ¶ While they were pillaging the camp the bandits spoke about a forced march which they made toward this camp, where they thought to engage in combat with General Moncada himself. General Moncada had great luck. ¶ The above notices taken from this Nicaraguan paper have been confirmed in detail by a message sent by General Díaz, another Chief of the Sandino forces. . . . "

36.  December 16, 1931.  G-2 Report on Latest Bandit Activities, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 3.     " . . . They have no reason, therefore, to say that our information is not exactly the truth. If the dailies of Moncada and of Moncada affiliation publish these reports, why do they try to pretend that an independent paper of Costa Rica is giving out false reports when we publish the same articles. ¶ We note that there is no absolute freedom of the Press in Nicaragua, because they have established martial law in the Departments which Sandino has invaded. For this reason we are sorry not to be able to continue giving entire credit to the notices published by these dailies, because where the censorship prevails no complete and certain information can be obtained.” ¶ San José--December 16, 1931 ¶ Report No. 6, ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

37.  December 14, 1931.  G-2 Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Refugees in Costa Rica, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.     "NICARAGUA ¶ POPUALTION & SOCIAL ¶ No. 2700 – Public Order and Safety ¶ Activities of Nicaraguan Refugees in Costa Rica. ¶ The following article appeared in the Diario de Costa Rica yesterday, Sunday December 13th:-- ¶ “For some days we have known of certain activities on the part of the Nicaraguans living in our country and that they are aligned with the Sandino movement in Nicaragua. ¶ Many of the Nicaraguan refugees have left the country to join Sandino’s forces and now on account of the notices arriving of the advance of these forces toward the principal cities, these activities here have intensified. ¶ We have been informed by some Nicaraguans that they are organizing groups to leave the country bound for Nicaragua. They told us also that San Juan del Sur would be the meeting place from where they would unite with Sandino.” ¶ This matter was taken up by me with the Chargé d’Affaires of the American Legation who will bring it to the attention of the Costa Rican Foreign Minister and see what can be done concerning the practice of Nicaraguan refugees using Costa Rica as a base for their operations. ¶ I have also sent the above information to Major R. Griffin, G-2 of the Marine Brigade at Managua by airmail today. ¶ I will follow this up as closely as possible and endeavor to learn the names and destinations of these Nicaraguan refugees. ¶ There is no doubt but that the reports of Sandino’s successes are causing a great amount of activity on the part of the large number of Nicaraguan refugees in Costa Rica. Unless Sandino meets with a reverse in the near future it is believed that this activity will constantly increase. ¶ A press agent for the Marines equal in ability to Sandino’s press agent would go a long way towards curbing this activity, in these Central American countries. . . . "

38.  December 14, 1931.  G-2 Report on Activities of Nicaraguan Refugees in Costa Rica, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.     " . . . As an Army officer I have never thought until now that the Marines were lacking in press agents. ¶ Report No. 4 ¶ San José--December 14, 1931 ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S. ¶ M.A."

39.  December 2, 1931.  Naval Intelligence Report on "Photostat Copies of a Letter from Sandino and of Photographs of His General Staff," Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa.     "There are enclosed three sets of photostat copies of a letter from Sandino, dated 29 August, 1928, appointing Manuel Antonio Lacayo (Nicaraguan living in Tegucigalpa) as a member of his general staff, and of three photographs, one of William Johnson, U. S. Marine, hanging from a tree with a bandit jefe in the background, and the other two of members of his general staff. The latter was taken in bonilla park at La Ceiba, Honduras, beneath the statue of Manuel Bonilla, ex-president of the country. ¶ The letter and photographs were taken from the inside pocket of the coat of Manuel Antonio Lacayo in a cantina in Tegucigalpa for the purpose of making photostat copies and then returned to him without his knowing that they had been in the hands of this office. ¶ Manuel Antonio Lacayo is now reported as an agent of Sandino in Honduras, and is under the observation of the Government of Honduras."

40.  November-December 1931.  Press Releases, US State Department, on Revolutionary Activities in Nicaragua (Press releases of Nov 27, Nov 30 & Dec 2, 1931).     "NICARAGUA – (Political) ¶ 3020 ¶ Revolutionary Activities. ¶ The Secretary of Legation at Managua reported to the Department of State, under date of November 26, 1931, that President Moncada made the following statement on November 25, 1931: ¶ “The Nicaraguan people have been informed by the newspapers that a group of about eighty men, mainly Hondurans, entered the city of Chichigalpa last Sunday night and looted a number of business houses. The authorities of Chichigalpa and the Guardia Nacional of that Department with a number of civilians, General Noroi and others, went to the defense of the city and to fight the bandits. The latter took the city at eight thirty and retired at eleven thirty when the first detachment of loyal forces appeared in the suburbs of the city. This demonstrates that they do not wish to fight, that they seek defenseless towns to loot, that they are not inspired by ideas, party, nor of patriotism. On the other hand they told the people in Chichigalpa that what they took belonged to the people, that they, the inhabitants of the city, had the right to take what they wanted from property owners. The assaulting troops were cheering General Colindres so it is supposed that he was the leader. ¶ “Colindres is a brother of Pedro Irias for a long time Secretary to Sandino, both natives of Murra. The assailants fled in the direction of Villa Nueva with beasts taken from the Haciendas Las Grietas, Santa Emilia, San Juan and others. The Guardia Nacional is pursuing them closely and is confident of subduing them and obliging them to evacuate the country.” ¶ (Press Release, State Department, November 27, 1931.) ¶ The American Charge d’Affaires at Managua telegraphed the Department that the Nicaraguan Guardia reported that a Nicaraguan Guardia patrol was attacked on November 27 by a bandit group near Villa Nueva, Department of Chinandega. The fight lasted for one and one-half hours. The bandits had machine guns and were aggressive. Five bandits were killed. One member of the Nicaraguan Guardia was wounded. ¶ Another Guardia patrol engaged a group of bandits on November 27, near Puentereal, Department of Chinandega. Five bandits were killed. There were no Guardia casualties. ¶ The Department of State has been informed that the Nicaraguan Government is taking additional steps to reinforce the strength of the Guardia to meet this recent recrudescence of banditry. ¶ (Press Release, State Department, November 30, 1931.) ¶ The Secretary of Legation at Managua, Nicaragua, reported on December 1, 1931, that a patrol of 10 Nicaraguan Guardia and 53 auxiliaries (Nicaraguan) encountered 80 bandits at El Caudro, near Las Zapatas, about 25 kilometers north of Leon, on November 29. One auxiliary and 1 civilian guide were wounded. Later information indicated that several bandits were killed and wounded. The bandits counter-attacked before retiring and recovered the bodies of 3 of their men. On November 30 about 180 bandits looted the town of Rota, on the railroad between Leon and El Sauce, and tore up part of the railroad. ¶ (Press Release, State Department, December 2, 1931.)"

41.  December 1, 1931.  G-2 Report on the Military Situation, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 1.     "NICARAGUA ¶ POPULATION & SOCIAL ¶ No. 2700 – Public Order and Safety. ¶ The Military Situation. ¶ 1. In our interview with President Moncada of Nicaragua on November 19th, the President seemed very desirous of organizing a temporary volunteer army, - probably under General Escamilla, a Mexican soldier of fortune, - as an aid to the Guardia in fighting the bandits. The President was very much worried over the situation and believed the Guardia to be too small and too widely over the situation and believed the Guardia to be too small and too widely dispersed to handle the situation and prevent it from getting out of hand. He appeared sincere in his desire to do everything in his power to put down the banditry. ¶ 2. The State Department, however, seems very much opposed to this project. In a conversation with Mr. Beaulac, the American Chargé d’Affaires, the reasons for this attitude were given as follows:- ¶ a. A similar force, under General Escamilla was sent into the field about two years ago in the hope that the bandits would be more successfully combatted by troops using their own rough and ready methods. However, the volunteer force failed to make any great headway. A large number of so called bandits were killed, - but rumors were current that the bandits killed were practically all of the Conservative (opposition) Party. ¶ b. The prime reason for the present Guardia is to provide the Nation with a non-political military force, - not controlled by either party and capable of serving the Nation rather than a faction. If a volunteer force is organized, it will be a political force loyal to, and depending for its existence on one faction only. If it is successful against the bandits, it will tend to discredit the Guardia. Also the question of “unity of command” is an important consideration. It is feared that the creation of a strong volunteer force would be the opening wedge for the breaking . . . "

42.  December 1, 1931.  G-2 Report on the Military Situation, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, San José, p. 2.     " . . . down of the Guardia. ¶ 3. Upon our return to Managua on November 27th, we found the military situation much changed. About 180 bandits, under the bandit leader Colindres, had captured the town of Chichigalpa near León and on the main railroad line between Managua and Corinto. The actual damage was slight (about $4000 worth of booty was taken, and one police officer was killed) but the damage to the prestige of President Moncada and the Guardia was enormous. The fact that the bandits all fled upon the arrival of a Guardia patrol of about 20 men did not influence this loss of prestige. ¶ 4. President Moncada, the Minister of Public Safety, General Somoza, and the Commander of the Guardia were all at León, close to the scene of the raid. A volunteer force of practically 200 men was being organized, but under the command of the Commander of the Guardia. ¶ 5. My impressions may be wrong, but it seemed to me that the Conservatives to whom we talked appeared somewhat elated over this turn of affairs. In the space of a week they seemed to be a little more pronounced in their opposition to the President. This is only my impression and may not be accurate. However, the fact that the bandits were operating near León, the heart of the Liberal country, seemed to give them some measure of pleasure. ¶ Report No. 1472 ¶ San José--December 1, 1931 ¶ Source – Personal observations ¶ Lt. Col. Cruse concurs. ¶ A. R. Harris, ¶ Major, G.S."

43.  December, 1931.  News clippings:  Dec 1: "Nicaragua Prepares to Reinforce Guards," [New York?] Daily.   Dec 3: "Managua Adds To Guard," New York Times.   Dec 4: "War Renewed By Gen. Sandino in Nicaragua," Baltimore Sun.   Dec 9: "Moncada Likens Sandino Bandit to U.S. Gangster," Associated Press.     "Nicaragua Prepares To Reinforce Guards ¶ Action Decided on After Two Raids by Bandit Forces ¶ The Nicaraguan Government is taking additional steps to reinforce the strength of the Guardia Nacional following two bandit raids in Nicaragua Nov. 27, the Department of State announced Nov. 30. ¶ The Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, questioned regarding the bandit raids, stated orally that the plan for training the Guardia Nacional by American marines was working well, and that no changes in this plan were contemplated. ¶ He stated that banditry always has been bad in the northern area of Nicaragua and that he had no specific explanation for the present raids. ¶ The Department’s announcement of follows in full text: ¶ The American Charge d’Affaires at Managua, Willard L. Beaulac, telegraphed the Department that the Nicaraguan Guardia reported that a Nicaraguan Guardia patrol was attacked on Nov. 27 by a bandit group near Villa Nueva, Department of Chinandega. The fight lasted one and one-half hours. The bandits had machine guns and were aggressive. Five bandits were killed. One member of the Nicaraguan Guardia was wounded. ¶ Another Guardia patrol engaged a group of bandits on Nov. 27, near Puentereal, Department of Chinandega. Five bandits were killed. There were no Guardia casualties. ¶ The Department of State has been informed that the Nicaraguan Government is taking additional steps to reinforce the strength of the Guardia to meet this recent recrudescence of banditry. ¶ MANAGUA ADDS TO GUARD. ¶ 300 More Men Enlisted to Combat New Nicaraguan Rebel Activity. ¶ Special to The New York Times. ¶ WASHINGTON, Dec. 2.—Strengthening of the Nicaraguan National Guard as the result of increased insurgent activity in Northwestern Nicaragua, was reported to the State Department today by Willard L. Beaulac, Secretary of the American Legation at Managua. ¶ The Nicaraguan Government has added 300 short-term enlisted men to the ranks of the guard. They are designated as auxiliaries. ¶ WAR RENEWED BY GEN. SANDINO IN NICARAGUA ¶ Nine Clashes In As Many Days With National Guard Reported ¶ STATE DEPARTMENT IS MUCH CONCERNED ¶ Stimson Says He Does Not Contemplate Sending More Marines ¶ By DREW PEARSON ¶ [Washington Bureau of The Sun] ¶ Washington, Dec. 5—A renewal of civil warfare between General Sandino’s followers and the Nicaraguan National Guard, led by Marine Corps officers, has resulted in nine clashes in as many days, according to reports received by the State and Navy Departments. ¶ Two members of the National Guard have been wounded and more than twenty of the insurgent forces have been killed. State Department officials are concerned over the renewal of fighting, but Secretary Stimson stated he does not contemplate sending more Marines to Nicaragua. ¶ Rebels Called Bandits ¶ State Department officials have endeavored to minimize the significance of the revolutionary outbreak and have characterized the rebels as bandits. President Moncada, however, in a public declaration, has said they were led by General Colindres, a recognized member of the Sandino forces, and that the troops were well armed and equipped. ¶ President Moncada claimed that most of the rebels were Hondurans. In the northern section of Nicaragua, however, the boundary between Honduras never has been delineated and is populated by natives who cross and recross from one country to the other with no recognized nationality. ¶ Attacks Along Main Line ¶ Explaining the clashes in Nicaragua, Secretary Stimson pointed out that there had always been raids on villages in the northern section. The attacks during the past week, however, have taken place along the main line railroad in a neighborhood hitherto unmenaced during the American occupation. ¶ A total of about 900 marines are now stationed in Nicaragua, Marine Corps headquarters said today. Of these, 675, excluding officers, are for the purpose of conducting an officers’ training school, a legation guard, or are attached to the aviation unit. In addition to this total, 132, excluding officers, are attached to the National Guard. No American marines, unless attached to the National Guard, are in any of the areas where they come in contact with the insurgents, Secretary Stimson said. ¶ Reports On Clashes ¶ The clashes, according to reports received by the State and Navy Departments, follow: ¶ Nov. 22—Eighty men captured in the city of Chichigalpa, took the railroad station and burned railroad records. ¶ November 27—National Guard patrol attacked near Villa Nueva. Five insurgents killed, one member of National Guard wounded. ¶ November 27—National Guard patrol attacked near Puentereal. Five insurgents killed. ¶ November 28—National Guard patrol, commanded by Sergt. Richard A. Thompson, of Bloomingdale, Ind., clashed with insurgents near La Pozas. Five insurgents killed. ¶ November 28—National Guard patrol clashed with insurgents near Olomega. One insurgent killed. ¶ Rebels Lose Unknown Number ¶ November 29—National Guard patrol of ten, with fifty-three auxiliaries, clashed with eighty insurgents at El Caudro. One auxiliary and one civilian guide wounded. The insurgents lost an unknown number of men. ¶ November 30—Insurgents attacked and looted town of Rota on railway between Leon and El Sauce, tearing up part of the tracks. ¶ December 2—National Guard patrol, under Gunnery Sergeant Donald MacDonald, of Backwood, Ark., encountered insurgents near El Mojado. Five insurgents killed. ¶ Moncada Likens Sandino Bandit To U.S. Gangster ¶ Nicaraguan President Points Out Outlaws Do Not Occupy Single City or Village ¶ Porto Rico to Discuss Idle ¶ Gov. Roosevelt Calls Labor and Business Men to Aid ¶ By The Associated Press ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Dec. 10.—President Jose M. Moncada, returning from Leon with his staff, said today that the American press was misinformed concerning the activities of Augusto Sandino, outlaw chieftain. “Sandinism does not occupy one city or village,” he said. The Nicaraguan government controls the country, which is in peace, and the bandit groups can be compared to those seen at any time in New York or Chicago. Notwithstanding the economic crisis encircling the world, Nicaragua is within her budget, which includes a National Guard item of $1,000,000.” ¶ President Moncada was reported to have gone to Leon to protect the city against Sandino and to launch a new offensive against his movements."

44.  November-December 1931.  News clippings:  Nov 23: "Nicaraguans Ask Hoover For Army," Boston Transcript.   Nov 26: "Curbs Nicaraguan Rebels," New York Times.   Dec 4: "Kill Ten In Nicaragua," New York Times.    "Nicaraguans Ask Hoover for Army ¶ Appeal for Native Troops as Insurgents Loot Railroad Town ¶ Managua, Nicaragua, Nov. 23 (A.P.)—Insurgents captured the town of Chichigalpa on the railroad between Chinandega and Leon, yesterday, looting the stores[,] wrecking the telegraph office and burning the railroad records, National Guard headquarters reported today. They were in the town about an hour before the National Guard patrol of thirty men arrived from Chinandega, and drove them toward the south. One guardsman was killed. ¶ This was the first time the insurgents have approached the large cities along the railroad. The newspaper La Noticia published a joint message cabled to President Hoover by the Chambers of Commerce of Leon, Managua, and Chinandega, asserting that there is insufficient protection against insurgent attacks and suggesting a national army be organized under the direction of President Moncada. ¶ CURBS NICARAGUAN REBELS. ¶ Managua Declares State of Siege in Two Departments. ¶ By Tropical Radio to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Nov. 25.—A state of siege was declared today in the Departments of Leon and Chinandega on account of the activity of numerous well armed insurgents under Juan Gregorio Colindres, a Honduran. ¶ On Sunday this band sacked Chichigalpa, a railroad town fifteen miles from Corinto, principal port of Nicaragua. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Nov. 25 (AP).—Brig. Gen. R. C. Berkeley arrived today to take command of the United States Marine forces in Nicaragua, replacing Brig. Gen. Frederic L. Bradman, who will sail for San Diego on Friday. ¶ President J. M. Moncada and Brig. Gen. Calvin R. Matthews, commander of the Nicaraguan National Guard, went to Leon today to investigate insurgent activities in that province and the Province of Chinandega. ¶ KILL TEN IN NICARAGUA ¶ Guardsmen Combat Increasing Activity of Insurgents in Leon Area. ¶ By Tropical Radio to THE NEW YORK TIMES. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Nov. 30.—The railroad tracks at Rota, fifteen miles from Leon and on the route to El Sauce, were torn up by insurgents today, and rebel acitivity [activity] in that area is increasing. ¶ Ten insurgents have been killed in numerous recent engagements with patrols of the Nicaraguan National Guard in the vicinity of El Sauce and Puerto Real. Three guardsmen have been wounded recently, none of them Americans. ¶ The rebels are well equipped and aggressive. Officials at Leon and the commander of the National Guard are directing the operations against them, while volunteer groups have been formed to aid the guardsmen."

45.  November 21, 1931.  G-2 Report on Concentration of Troops, Major A. R. Harris, Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa.   "All the Marines in Nicaragua are now concentrated in Managua with the exception of a small forwarding element at Corinto.  The force at this date consists of about 500 line troops and 200 in the aviation department. General Bradman will be relieved next week by General Randolph C. Berkley. . . ."  

46.  November 21, 1931.  G-2 Report on Bandit Situation, Lieut. Col. Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 1.     "NICARAGUA ¶ POPULATION AND SOCIAL ¶ No. 2700 – Public Order and Safety. ¶ Bandit Situation. ¶ On November 19th Major Harris and I accompanied Mr. Beaulac to call on President Moncada. We found the President evidently very much worried and almost in a bad humor. With hardly any of the usual preliminaries he turned to Mr. Beaulac and said that the bandit situation was extremely grave; that at least 200 Hondurans had appeared in the area between León and El Sauce; that things seemed to be rather out of hand; that he did not blame the Guardia, as this was strong enough only to serve as a guard and police force at fixed posts; that the only thing was to send another volunteer Army under General Escamilla for a clean-up of the area, and finally that he was going to send General Somoza, Colonel Watson of the Guardia, and Captain Keimling his personal Aide, with a Marine Patrol through the disturbed area, with the idea of explaining conditions to the population. The President further said that he was constantly receiving telegrams from the León area expressing fear of bandit raids on León and other towns, and that the country in general was uneasy over the situation. ¶ We then called on General Matthews, the head of the Guardia, who told us that the bandits had attacked a Guardia post at Jicaral, 30 miles North of León, and that the native Lieutenant in command had withdrawn and the bandits had burned the Guardia station. He said he had patrols converging on the area from three directions and that he was also sending in their last reserves, the cadets of the military school, the next day. On the morning of the 20th, while we were on the field waiting to take off, we saw these cadets being transported by plane to the new bandit area. They were rather badly . . . "

47.  November 21, 1931.  G-2 Report on Bandit Situation, Lieut. Col. Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 2.     " . . . uniformed, but seemed to be men of an alert type and they were certainly anxious to get into action. ¶ General Matthews also told us that a few days before they had the bad luck to just miss killing Altamirano, the chief leader of the bandits. A guardia on the road saw two men approaching, one riding a big horse and the other on a mule. As information has always been that Pedron rode a big horse the guardia fired at the man on the horse and killed him. He proved to be an unimportant subordinate of Altamirano and the man on the mule, who got away, was Altamirano himself. ¶ The present bandit leaders are Altamirano, José León Diaz, Colonel Gregorio Colindres, and possibly some others not yet identified. Miguel Angel Ortez, one of the most dangerous leaders, was killed in August. ¶ After these visits Mr. Beaulac informed us that they were getting no cooperation from Honduras and that on two occasions President Moncada had actually been ready to declare war on Honduras, and that he, Mr. Beaulac, had had to argue most seriously to prevent him from actually doing so. ¶ In Honduras, the President is doing what he can, which is nothing of real help. If he arrests known bandits, the Courts to whom he has to turn them over, promptly release them, for no other reason than to annoy the President. He has no money to maintain a strong border patrol, and Honduran forces do not know how to guard a frontier anyway. The one thing which President Moncada asked is the one thing that President Mejia Colindres can hardly do - - that is, get rid of Leopoldo Gamero in Danli, General Teofilo Cárcamo in Jacaleapa, and José Idiaquez, who is sometimes in Danli and sometimes in Cifuentes. It is known that supplies for Sandino are practically always delivered to the latter man. President Mejia Colindres cannot bother these men because in their own districts they are stronger than he is. President Moncada also said that he would like Honduras to keep . . . "

48.  November 21, 1931.  G-2 Report on Bandit Situation, Lieut. Col. Fred T. Cruse, Military Attaché, Tegucigalpa, p. 3.     " . . . a very close watch on Toribio Tijerino as he knew that this man was in back of the leading bandit movements. I think there is little doubt that Tijerino is the man who actually gets the arms and starts them toward Sandino. He has been doing this sort of thing for years and is expert in all sorts of smuggling ventures. ¶ Report No. 1470 ¶ Tegucigalpa, Honduras. ¶ November 21, 1931 ¶ Fred T. Cruse, ¶ Lieut. Col., F.A. ¶ M.A."

49.  November 4, 1931.  Naval Intelligence Report on Activities of Bandit Agents in Honduras, from "G", Tegucigalpa, with newspaper clipping, Nov 22, "Nicaraguans Rout Rebels," Associated Press.   "NICARAGUANS ROUT REBELS ¶ Guardsman Killed Driving Raiders From Chichigalpa—Plea to Hoover. ¶ MANAGUA, Nicaragua, Nov. 23 (AP).—Insurgents captured the town of Chichigalpa, on the railroad between Chinandega and Leon, yesterday, looting the stores, wrecking the telegraph office and burning the railroad records, National Guard headquarters reported today. ¶ They were in the town about an hour before a National Guard patrol of thirty men arrived from Chinandega and drove them toward the south. In the skirmish one guardsman was killed. ¶ This was the first time the insurgents had approached the large towns along the railroad. ¶ The newspaper La Noticia published a joint message cabled to President Hoover by the Chambers of Commerce of Leon, Managua and Chinandega, asserting that there was insufficient protection against insurgent attacks and suggesting that a national army be organized under the direction of President Moncada. ¶ On October 27, 1931, José Leon Diaz, bandit General, was seen in Tegucigalpa, and an attempt was made to obtain his arrest. The police cooperated and cornered Diaz but he finally made good his escape. ¶ On October 28, 1931, information relative to the location of a small quantity of contraband rifle and pistol ammunition was obtained and an attempt was made by the police to capture it. However, the parties holding same became suspicious and were able to remove it from Tegucigalpa with apparent destination Nicaragua. ¶ Much reliable information is in the possession of this office relative to the activities of agents of Sandino. Without doubt these agents are obtaining ammunition in this country and forwarding it to Sandino in Nicaragua. Government officials have been advised of this practice with the object of interesting them in stopping the smuggling of arms and ammunition to Nicaragua. However, it is apparent that due to the boundary dispute between Honduras and Nicaragua and the economical condition of the country, the attitude of the Honduran Government is against aiding Nicaragua in its difficulties. COPY FURNISHED: Comsperon, ¶ HQTRS U.S.M.C. ¶ Sec. Brigade Managua"

50.  October 28, 1931.  Naval Intelligence Report on Movements of Sandino Agents, from "G", Tegucigalpa, Honduras.     "During the month of August of this year José de Paredes (Mexican) and Socrates Sandino (brother of the bandit) came to Tegucigalpa. Socrates left here for Choluteca in company of an agent of this office, from which place he disappeared; Paredes left no trace of himself after leaving Tegucigalpa for an unknown destination. ¶ On 1 September, 1931, an agent was sent to Danlí, where he made contact with agents of Sandino and definitely established that Paredes and Socrates had, of their own free will, gone to Nicaragua to the camp of Sandino to join him, and that they had gone via El Paraiso. The agent proceeded to El Paraiso in the hope that they might still be there, but on arrival verified the fact that they had gone on into Nicaragua. ¶ In Danli investigation of the reports that Dr. Alfredo Zambrano and Alejandro Cerda G., were bandit agents, one accusing the other, was made and reported that this was a case of personal and political animosities, but that both have had some dealings with bandit agents, although not on a large scale. ¶ The more active agents of Sandino in Danli are José Idiaquez and José Guillen. ¶ COPY FURNISHED Comsperon ¶ Hqtrs USMC ¶ Sec. Brigade Managua"