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Bei dem Rebellengeneral Sandino" by Federico Bach in the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (Workers Pictorial Newspaper), Berlin

     This two-page spread (which would make a marvelous poster!) appeared in the leftist Berlin weekly illustrated magazine Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (The Workers Pictorial Newspaper) around October or November 1928.  The story, penned by the leftist German economist Federico Bach (a.k.a. Fritz Bach or Fritz Sulzbachner), offers a fascinating glimpse into how Sandino’s anti-imperialist struggle was being narrated by the European left in the late 1920s.  Recall that by 1928 the Weimar Republic was reeling under mass unemployment, hyperinflation, and severe political challenges from both the fascist Right and the Communist Left.  Within a few years Adolph Hitler & his Nazi Party would come to power through democratic means and squash newspapers like this one.  Especially notable here are the photographs & images, which remain remarkably high-quality considering how old & tattered the newspaper is.

      Click on the thumbnail (above right) for the full image.  WARNING:  This is a huge PDF file – 843 MB, at 600 dpi – and must be or the resolution becomes too low for the print to be read.  In what follows I highlight each of the images presented in this newspaper, along with the story’s brief text, with translations from the German and brief interpretive comments.  Especially noteable & valuable are the handwritten annotations on the newspaper, in Spanish, which identify key individuals and offer someone's brief commentaries on the piece.

The portrayal of Sandino’s struggle here is pretty fantastical – perhaps symbolized most vividly by the image of Sandino himself, which bears virtually no physical resemblance to the guerrilla chieftain.  The Sandino portrayed here has much darker skin, much rounder eyes, and exhibits an almost African phenotype.  The caption reads:  "Sandino, der Bergarbeiter, der den aktiven Widerstand gegen die USA-Truppen organisierte und jetzt an der Spitze seiner Scharen den Befreiungskampf Nicaraguas kämpft." (English translation: "Sandino, the miner, who organized the active resistance against the United States troops, and now at the head of his troops fights the liberation struggle in Nicaragua.")  The handwriting over the image appears to read:  "A la compañera Teresa, ojalá que no nos guarde rencor"  ("To the compañera Teresa, in hopes that you do not hold a grudge against us").  Does this refer to Sandino's lover & mistress, the Salvadoran Teresa Villatoro?

The image of "Colonel Rivera of Sandino's General Staff" on horseback overlooking what appears to be Lake Managua is equally fantastical – the only "Colonel Rivera" in the EDSN was Abraham Rivera, and none of the men in this photograph bear any resemblance to him.  That these horsemen would pose before Lake Managua (or Lake Nicaragua) seems equally concocted – there were no Sandinista troops anywhere near these large lakes, which were adjacent to the country’s large population centers (Managua & Granada) and under the uncontested control of the Marines & Guardia.  The caption reads:  "Oberst Rivera aus Sandinos Generalstab, der den Guerrillakreig seiner Reiter gegen die ubermachtige Technik der Angreifer setzt."  (English translation:  "Colonel Rivera of Sandino's General Staff, with the guerrilla war of the horsemen against the mighty technology of the attackers.")

On the other hand, this is one of the best photographs we have of the Mexican EDSN representative Gustavo Machado (right).  The caption reads:  "Gustav Machodo, der Deleglerte des "Hände weg von Nicaragua"-Komitees, der sich gegenwärtig im Lager Sandinos befindet."   (English translation:  "Gustavo Machado, the delegate of the "Hands Off Nicaragua" committee that is presently supporting Sandino.") 

The photograph of US journalist Carleton Beals (left) is also of exceptionally high quality.  Beals was the first foreign (and only US) journalist to interview Sandino, his series in The Nation in February, March & April 1928 offering readers in the US & Europe the first eyewitness journalistic account of the guerrilla chieftain & his troops in Las Segovias.  The caption reads: "Carleton Beals, von dem die hier veröffentlichten Fotes kommen, auf dem Wege zu Sandino." (English translation:  "Carleton Beals, from the published photos, on the way to Sandino.")

The photograph below of the Mexico City headquarters of the Anti-Imperialist League’s Hands Off Nicaragua Committee has to rank among the story’s most valuable & interesting visual images – with its oversize banner, its image of Sandino with the words “¡Manos Fuera de Nicaragua!  Ayudemos Nicaragua heridos,” on the second floor of a two-story building, above a store selling hemp-rope & hardware.  The caption reads:  "Das Lokal der Antiimperalistischen Liga in Mexiko-City, die den Kampf der 'Hände weg von Nicaragua' leitet."   (English translation:  "The local of the Anti-Imperialist League in Mexico City, which leads the struggle of the "Hands Off Nicaragua.")

Also exceptionally valuable is the photograph below of the Hands-Off Nicaragua Committee meeting in Mexico City – especially because of the handwritten annotations on the original document, which identify key individuals by name or title (a larger crop of this image that includes the annotations is thumbnailed at right, at 10.6 MB).  Of the 18 people around the table, at least four are women (perhaps five).  The man of African ancestry (5th from the left) is identified in the handwritten annotation as “Joilbois Fils,” in the words of the historian Barry Carr, a "well-known Haitian anti-imperialist [and] a major figure in the Union Patriotique, a Haitian political organization that was the most important focus of Haitian nationalism & opposition to US Marine rule in Haiti in the 1920s and early 1930s" (Barry Carr, personal communication).  The man on the far left is identified as “Camara,” and the man next to him, “su servidor” — "yours truly" and very probably the author of the article, Federico Bach.  The fourth man from the left is identified as “El Notario” (the Notary).  (Barry Carr, among the world's foremost experts on this topic, is in the process of identifying each of these 18 individuals by name.)  The caption reads:  "Die Sammelbüchsen des Komitees werden unter notarieller Kontrolle geöffnet."   (English translation:  "The collection boxes will be opened by the Committee under notarial supervision.")

The man in the far lower-right corner in the above photograph is identified as “Hurwitz” – the same “profesor Jacobo Hurwitz” who appears in the note below from Sandino, dated 4 May 1928 and positioned squarely in the center of the page, offering a cordial greeting to the Comité Manos Fuera de Nicaragua in Mexico City:

The caption reads:  "Dank- und Grußschreiben Sandinos anläßlich des 1jährigen Jahrestages seines Kampfes an den Professor Jakobo Hurwitz, dem Sekretär der Liga und des Komitees in Mexiko."   (English translation:  "Thanks and greeting letter from Sandino on the occasion of first anniversary of his struggle to Professor Jakobo Hurwitz, the secretary of the League and the committees in Mexico.")  The "first anniversary" refers to 4 May 1927, the date of the signing of the Espino Negro Accord.  The Peruvian intellectual Jacobo Hurwitz was a member of what Barry Carr says “the Argentinian scholar Martin Bergel has felicitously called ‘a militant travelling culture’ of leftist revolutionaries in Latin America in the 1920s” (see Barry Carr, "Radicals, Revolutionaries and Exiles:  Mexico City in the 1920s" (Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies, Fall 2010, p. 30), offsite at http://clas.berkeley.edu/Publications/Review/Fall2010/pdf/BRLASFall2010-Carr.pdf).

The two-page spread effectively juxtaposes images of city & countryside, narrating Sandino's rural struggle in the mountains of Las Segovias as intimately linked to the indoor meetings & street actions in Mexico City.  The image at right offers another take on the urban front, with a well-dressed couple soliciting contributions to Sandino’s cause in Mexico City’s streets.  The caption reads:  "Straßenkollekte des Komitees in den Straßsen von Mexiko-City".   (English translation:  "Street collection of the Committee on the streets of Mexico City.") 

That imagined intimacy between city & countryside — between the material contributions of the international solidarity movement and Sandino's struggle in Las Segovias — was almost exclusively an ideological & narrative construct, with little relation to reality.  In fact, international financial support comprised a miniscule portion of the Defending Army's material resource base.  While popular sympathy for Sandino's movement was widespread across much of Latin & Central America, the notion of an international outpouring of material support for Sandino's movement, expressed eloquently in this two-page spread, constitutes one of the "big myths" of the rebellion.

At left we see another street scene in Mexico City, this one of newspaper boys selling the Liga's main publication, El Libertador.  The caption reads: "Straßenverkäufer der 'Libertador,' dem Organ der antiimperialistischen Liga in Mexiko."   (English translation:  "The street vendors of 'Libertador,' the organ of the anti-imperialist League in Mexico.")

The final urban scene in the story appears at right.  The caption reads: "Massenversammlung, veranstaltet durch das 'Hände weg von Nicaragua' -Komitee, in einem Theater in Mexiko-City."  (English translation:  "Rally, organized by the 'hands off Nicaragua' committee, in a theater in Mexico City").  The theater is packed, filled with mostly men but also women & some children.  Again, the high quality of these photos is remarkable.

Moving from city to countryside, the two images below are positioned prominently in the upper-right of the two-page spread.  The photo on the left, captioned “Verposten Sandino” (“Sandino outpost”), shows rebels eating & resting in a rude jungle camp.  At right, we see the rebels on the march through the jungle, mounted & afoot.  The caption reads:  "Eine Aufständischen-Abteilung auf dem täglichen Streifzug"  (English translation:  “An insurgent division on its daily expedition.”)

Continuing with this rural theme, at right we see what is identified as Sandino’s family gathered in front of their house.  The caption reads:  "Die Familie, die Sandino lange Zeit in ihrem Hause versteckt hielt.  Trotz schwerster Bestrafung durch die USA-Truppen gewährt jeder Bauer den Aufständischen heimlich Unterkunft."   (English translation:  "The family that Sandino for a long time has kept hidden in their home.  Despite severe punishment by the United States troops, each farmer secretly provided the insurgents with accommodation.")  It is not known whose family this is, but none of the women bears any resemblance to Sandino’s wife Blanca Aráuz.  Indeed, the Aráuz family is not mentioned anywhere in the story.

At left we see Sandinista troops gathered in front of a large house, with a pine-tree covered Segovian hill in the background.  The caption reads:  "Das Haus, in dem sich der Armeestab Sandinos befindet."  (English translation:  "The house that houses the staff of Sandino's Army.")

 A full transcription of the text of the story appears below, along with English & Spanish translations.

RG127/38/30

 

Bei dem Rebellengeneral Sandino

Originalbericht für die A. I. Z. von F. Bach mit bisher unveröffentlichten Aufnahmen von Carleton Beals, dem ersten Journalisten, der Den Führer der Kämpfer um die Unabhängigkeit Nicaraguas in seinem Lager aufsuchte.

Seit über einem Jahre führen die nicaraguensischen Rebellen unter der Führung des Berg- und Metallarbeiters. General Augusto C. Sandino, einen verzweifelten und blutigen Kampf gegen die übermächtigen USA.-Truppen, die für die Interessen der Walstreetkapitalisten ins Land eingedrungen sind. Offener und brutaler ist kaum je eine lateinamerikanische Nation angegriffen worden, noch nie aber hat sich gegen die USA.-Invasion ein so harter und unbrechbarer Widerstand organisiert wie gerade in dem kleinen Nicaragua. Um was es geht, ist ganz klar. Es sollen die Kapitalinteressen der USA. geschützt werden und zugleich soll die Sicherheit geschaffen werden, daß durch eine vollständige Unterwerfung des Landes dem Baue des zweiten interozeanischen Kanals, der durch Nicaragua gezogen werden soll, keine Schwierigkeiten in den Weg gelegt werden können. Da der Bau eines zweiten Kanals nur rein militärischen Interessen zu dienen hat, muß die USA. die Sicherheit haben, daß das Gebiet, durch welches der Kanal geht, absolut unter ihrer Kontrolle steht. Ganz so wie Panama eine offene Kolonie der Staaten geworden, soll nun auch Nicaragua es werden. Und da die nicaraguensische Bevölkerung ihre Freiheit mehr schätzt als den ‘Kultursegen’ eines Kanals, wird ein Kriegsschiff nach dem andern nach Nicaragua entsandt, das dort mit Kanonen, die Dollardiplomatie der USA. auszuführen haben. Bis jetzt befinden sich nach amtlichen Angaben Washingtons über 3000 USA.-Soldaten in Nicaragua, das eine Gesamtbevölkerung ven nur einer halben Million Seelen hat. Trotz dieser zahlenmäßiuebermacht und obwohl die USA.-Truppen militärtechnisch aufs beste ausgerüstet sind, ist es diesen aber bis heute noch nicht gelungen, den Rebellen beizukommen, die trotz ihrer mehr als bescheidenen Ausrüstung den USA.-Truppen die schwersten Schäden zufügen. Der Hauptverbündete Sandinos ist die nicaraguensische Bevölkerung, die in Sandino ihren wahren Befreier sieht, die unbrechbare Begeisterung seiner Leute, die wissen, für was sie kämpfen, und die Undurchdringbarkeit des Gebirges, in dem sich die USA.-Truppen nicht zurechtfinden Seit dem Moment aber, da die USA. angefangen hat, durch Flugzeuge die Gegend abzusuchen und offene Städte zu bombardieren, was tausende von unbewaffneten Opfern, vorwiegend Frauen und Kinder, erfordert, haben sich die Truppen Sandinos in kleine Kampfgruppen formiert, die plötzlich aus den Wäldern hervorbrechen, die USA.-Truppen überfallen und wenn die USA.-Truppen Alarm geschlagen haben, schonlängst wieder verschwunden sind.

Der Widerstand Sandinos gegen eine derartige Uebermacht erwirkte daß in ganz Lateinamerika, besonders in den meistunterdrückten Ländern, de schonoffen oder halboffen zur USA.-Kolonie geworden sind, eine neue Kampfenschlossenheit und ein neues Hoffen die Herzen erfüllt. Wie groß diese aktive Sympathie ist, zeigt der große Erfolg, der auf die Initiative der antiimperialistischen Liga (angeschlossene Sektion des Brüsseler Kongresses) und der Internationalen Arbeiterhilfe (Sektion Mexico) ausgelösten ‘Hände-weg-von-Nicaragua’ Bewegung, der sich hunderte von Organisationen bis jetzt angeschlossen haben. Dies, obwohl die ganze Bewegung erst im Anfangsstadium ist. Das Einheitsfrontkomitee hat als erste Parole die Sammlung von Geldern für die sanitäre Ausrüstung der Truppen Sandinos herausgegeben, und schon sind allein in Mexiko über 10 000 Mark gesammelt worden. In den übrigen amerika-nischen Ländern schließen sich die Arbeiter-. Bauern- und Studentenorganisationen gleichfalls unter dem Banner des ‘Hände-weg-von-Nicaragua-Komitee’ zusammen und verwirklichen so eine Einheitsfront, die den Staaten einmal Trotz bieten wird.

Der lateinamerikanische Kontinent ist durch den Funken Sandinos angesteckt und wird innerhalb kurzem in hellen Flammen gegen den Dollarimperialismus entbrennen. Es ist notwendig, daß auch die europäischen Arbeiter diesen Kampf verstehen lernen, sind doch die Feinde der lateinamerikanischen Arbeiter und Banner die gleichen, die auch das europäische Proletariat niederhalten und ausbauten.

F. Bach.

 


English Translation

Of the Rebel General Sandino

Original report for the A.I.Z. by F. Bach, with previously unpublished material of Carleton Beals, the first journalist who visited the leader of the fighters for the independence of Nicaragua in his camp.

For more than a year, Nicaraguan rebels under the leadership of the mine worker and metallurgist Augusto C. Sandino have been carrying on a desperate and bloody struggle against the militarily superior North American troops that have invaded the country in order to defend the interests of the Wall Street capitalists. No nation in Latin America has been attacked in such an open and brutal manner, but neither before now has one seen an organized a resistance so tough and unbreakable against a North American invasion, such as now in little Nicaragua. What it is, is very clear: to defend the interests of North American capitalists and ensure their security requires completely subjugating the country, so that they can build a second inter-oceanic canal through Nicaragua, for which no obstacles can be placed in the way. This second canal will serve only military purposes, and the United States has to have the security that the territory through which the canal passes is under complete North American control. Just as Panama became a North American colony, so too this must happen in Nicaragua. And as the Nicaraguan people gain greater appreciation of their liberty through the “cultural blessing” of a canal, the USA will send to Nicaragua one cannon-laden ship after another to impose the North American Dollar Diplomacy. According to official reports from Washington, right now there are 3,000 North American soldiers in Nicaragua, a country that barely has a population of half a million souls. Despite their superiority in numbers, and even though the North American troops are very well equipped, until today they have not been able to defeat the rebels, who, despite their poor armaments, have been able to inflict the most severe damage on the North American troops. The principal allies of Sandino are the Nicaraguan people who see Sandino as a true liberator, the unbreakable enthusiasm of its people who know why they are fighting, and the impenetrable mountains that the North American troops have not been able to enter. But from the moment that the North Americans had begun using airplanes to comb the region and bombard the cities, which has claimed thousands of unarmed victims, especially women and children, Sandino’s troops have formed small armed groups who suddenly appear out of the mountains and assault the North American troops, and when the North American troops want to sound the alarm, Sandino’s troops have already pulled back again.

Sandino’s resistance against superpower of such magnitude has had the consequence that other Latin American countries, especially those most repressed that have openly or almost openly become North American colonies, have seen a new willingness to fight and a new hope filling people’s hearts. The enormity of this active sympathy is demonstrated in the great success of the “Hands Off Nicaragua” movement, formed at the initiative of the Anti-Imperialist League (a section attached to the Brussels Congress) and the International Workers Aid, Mexico Section, that have now unified hundreds of organizations. And this movement is barely in its initial phase. The United Front Committee has launched as its first slogan the collection of money for sanitary equipment for Sandino’s troops, and in Mexico alone has collected more than 10,000 Marks. In other Latin American countries as well, other organizations of workers, peasants, and students are unifying under the slogan, “Hands Off Nicaragua,” thus forming a united front that will challenge the North Americans.

The Latin American continent has been ignited by the spark of Sandino, and soon will burn with a bright flame against the imperialism of the dollar. It is also necessary that European workers learn to understand this struggle, as the enemies of Latin America’s workers and peasants are the same as those who oppress and exploit the European proletariat.

F. Bach.

 


Traducción al Español*

Del Rebelde General Sandino

Informe original para la A.I.Z. por F. Bach con material inédito de Carleton Beals, el primer periodista que visitó al líder de los luchadores por la independencia de Nicaragua en su campamento.

Desde hace más de un año, rebeldes nicaragüenses bajo la dirección del trabajador minero y metalúrgico Augusto C. Sandino llevan una lucha desesperada y sangrienta en contra de las tropas norteamericanas militarmente superiores que se han introducido al país para defender los intereses de los capitalistas de Wall Street. Ninguna nación latinoamericana había sido atacada de manera tan abierta y brutal, pero tampoco nunca antes se había organizado una resistencia tan dura e inquebrantable contra la invasión norteamericana, como ahora en la pequeña Nicaragua. Está muy claro de qué se trata: de defender los intereses capitalistas norteamericanos, a la vez que conseguir la seguridad de que, subyugando completamente al país, no se puedan poner estropiezos para la construcción del segundo canal interoceánico que se habrá de construir por Nicaragua. Ya que este segundo canal habrá de servir únicamente con propósitos militares, los Estados Unidos tienen que tener la seguridad de que el territorio por el cual pasará el canal, esté completamente bajo control norteamericano. Así como Panamá se convirtió abiertamente en una colonia norteamericana, así debe de suceder con Nicaragua. Y como el pueblo nicaragüense aprecia más su libertad que la „bendición cultural“ de un canal, se habrá de enviar a Nicaragua un barco tras el otro que, con cañones, impongan allí la diplomacia norteamericana del dólar. De acuerdo con los informes oficiales de Washington, hasta el momento se encuentran 3.000 soldados norteamericanos en Nicaragua, país que apenas tiene una población de medio millón de almas. A pesar de la superioridad en número y a pesar de que las tropas norteamericanas están equipadas con lo mejor, hasta el día de hoy no han logrado dominar a los rebeldes, quienes, a pesar de su más que modesto armamento, han logrado infringir los más severos daños a las tropas norteamericanas. Los principales aliados de Sandino son: la población nicaragüense que ve en Sandino a su verdadero libertador, el inquebrantable entusiasmo de sus gentes que saben porqué están luchando, y las impenetrables montañas, en las que las tropas norteamericanas no logran ubicarse. Pero desde el momento en que los norteamericanos han empezado a utilizar aviones para peinar la región y bombardear las ciudades, lo cual ha cobrado miles de víctimas desarmadas, especialmente mujeres y niños, las tropas de Sandino se han formado en pequeños grupos armados que de repente aparecen saliendo de las montañas y asaltan a las tropas norteamericanas y, cuando las tropas norteamericanas quieren dar la voz de alarma, ya las tropas de Sandino se han retirado de nuevo.

La resistencia de Sandino en contra de una superpotencia de tal magnitud ha tenido como consecuencia que, en otros países latinoamericanos, especialmente en aquellos países más reprimidos que abierta o casi abiertamente se han convertido en colonias norteamericanas, una nueva disposición de lucha y una nueva esperanza llena los corazones. Qué tan grande es esta simpatía activa, queda demostrado con el gran éxito que ha tenido el movimiento “Manos fuera de Nicaragua“) formado por iniciativa de la Liga Antiimperialista (Sección adjunta del Congreso de Bruselas) y de la Ayuda Internacional de los Trabajadores, Sección México, al que se han unido ahora cienes de organizaciones. Y esto que el movimiento apenas se encuentra en su fase inicial. El Comité de Frente Unitario ha lanzado, como primer consigna, la recolección de dinero para el equipo sanitario de las tropas de Sandino, y ya sólo en México se han colectado más de 10.000 Marcos. En los demás países americanos se unen también las organizaciones de trabajadores, campesinos y estudiantes bajo el lema „Manos fuera de Nicaragua“, conformando así un frente unitario que desafiará a los norteamericanos.

El continente latinoamericano ha sido encendido con la chispa de Sandino, y dentro de poco tiempo arderá con brillantes llamas en contra el imperialismo del dólar. También es necesario que los trabajadores europeos aprendan a entender esta lucha, ya que los enemigos de los trabajadores y campesinos latinoamericanos son los mismos que oprimen y explotan al proletariado europeo.

F. Bach

* Muchas gracias al Sr. Arturo Castro-Frenzel por su excelente traducción del alemán al español.

RG127/38/30

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