|
All these documents
were created by non-Sandinistas.
They were culled from the records of the
US Marines and Nicaraguan National
Guard, a sprawling collection that
includes spies' reports, declarations
from native citizens, private letters,
court records, in all a dizzying array
of voices — and from the Nicaraguan
National Archives, newspapers, State
Department reports, and other types of
records — except PC-Docs, which are so rich
as to comprise a category unto themselves.
(Image at right: artist's
rendering of Sandino on the cover of
Estampa, Madrid, 7 Marzo 1931; see
Page 66 of these TOP 100 pages.)
|
|
TODOS
ESTOS DOCUMENTOS fueron creados
por personas no-Sandinistas.
Fueron escogidos de registros de los
Infantes de Marina de Estados Unidos y
la Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua, una
colección desmadejada que incluye reportes de espías,
declaraciones de ciudadanos
nicaragüenses, correspondencia privada,
registros de la corte, en suma una
increíble variedad de voces – y de los
Archivos Nacionales de Nicaragua,
periódicos, reportes del Departamento de
Estado y otros tipos de registros
—excepto documentos PC-Docs, los
cuales por su volumen y extensión tan
vasta constituyen una categoría en sí
mismos. (Imagen a la
izquierda: representación de Sandino de
una artista en la portada de
Estampa, Madrid, 7 Marzo 1931; ver
Página 66 de estas páginas TOP 100.)
|
Some
are very brief. Others are long,
detailed, convoluted.
All strike me as uncommonly illuminating, offering
insights into the Sandinistas' beliefs, moral codes,
values & practices, and/or the cultural, social &
political landscape of Las Segovias, Nicaragua, and
Central & Latin America at the time. They express the outsider's gaze,
conveying first-hand eyewitness knowledge about the EDSN
and its social & cultural environment, filtered through
institutional and ideological prisms of various kinds:
a newspaper editor; a local court; an intelligence
analyst; a patrol commander; a missionary; a wandering
Spaniard. They can be
wonderfully challenging to interpret. A fair number
describe events that are the subject of extensive documentation
and lend
themselves to further inquiry & research.
Each document
is accompanied by an introductory note that sketches
the contexts of its production and suggests some reasons why
it seems especially useful. The
FINAL FIVE sets of documents reach back to
the rebellion's antecedents, placed at the end so the story does not
bog down early on. On each Top 100 page are
two navigation boxes:
the
top box takes you from Doc to Doc
(page to page), and the bottom box
takes you to the document's location here in this Homepage List. An
asterisk
*
in the "Doc" column means the document is on its way. Pages are
still under construction, but there's a fair amount here. I
thank Pleet Initiative-funded Lebanon Valley College student researchers Katrina Wells for her help
with the navigation design, and Nick Quadrini for
his help transcribing; and Lorena Torres of T-Vox México for
translating these introductory comments.
|
ALGUNOS SON MUY BREVES.
Otros son largos, detallados y complejos. Todos
ellos me impactaron por ser inusualmente
esclarecedores, ofreciendo reveladoras ideas
sobre de los Sandinistas, sobre los códigos
morales, valores y prácticas y/o el panorama
cultural, social y político de Las Segovias,
Nicaragua, Centroamérica y América Latina en
general por esos tiempos. Expresan la visión del
forastero, transmitiendo conocimiento adquirido
de primera mano de testigos acerca del EDSN y su
entorno sociocultural, filtrado a través de
prismas institucionales e ideológicos de varios
tipos: el editor de un periódico, la corte
local, un analista de inteligencia, un
comandante de patrulla; un misionero; un
vagabundo español. Pueden resultar muy difíciles
de interpretar. Un número considerable describe
eventos que han sido sujetos de una
documentación extensiva y se prestan a una mayor
investigación.
CADA
DOCUMENTO se encuentra
acompañado por una nota introductoria
que dibuja el contexto en que se produjo
dicho documento y sugiere algunas de las
razones del por qué resulta
especialmente útil. Los últimos cinco
conjuntos de documentos se remontan a
los antecedentes de la rebelión; se han
colocado al final para que la historia
no empantane la revisión de los hechos
más actuales.
En cada página de los TOP 100
existen dos banners de navegación:
BANNER
SUPERIOR permite la
navegación de página en página de
documentos, el
BANNER INFERIOR
permite ir a la ubicación de cada
documento dentro del sitio. Un asterisco
(*) en la columna "Doc" significa que el
documento aparecerá en el futuro. Las
páginas están aún en construcción, pero
ya existe bastante material aquí.
Agradezco a los estudiantes
investigadores de Lebanon Valley College
Katrina Wells por su ayuda con el diseño
del sitio y a Nick Quadrini por su ayuda
en la transcripción, financiada por la
initiativa Pleet; y a Lorena Torres a
T-Vox México por traducir estos
comentarios introductorios.
|
|
doc
|
Date
|
Name
|
Description
|
Source
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
22.03.29
|
Camilo Castellón
|
Newspaper article on Las Segovias &
building of the Limay-San Albino Road
|
NEWS22.03.29
|
top
|
2
|
27.06.21
|
Charles Butters
|
Statement on Sandino's return to San
Albino Mine, June 1927
|
M27.06.21
|
top
|
3
|
27.12.06
|
L. J. Matteson
|
Interview on Sandino's seizure of San
Albino Mine, June-August 1927
|
M27.12.06
|
top
|
4
|
28.02.23
|
Anastasio Rugama
|
Statements of Anastasio Rugama & Eudovio
Cornejo, captured EDSN, Matagalpa
|
M28.02.23
|
top
|
5
|
28.03.20
|
Jerónimo Rios
|
Interview with trader familiar with
trails from Matagalpa to East Coast
|
M28.03.20a
|
top
|
6
|
28.03.20
|
anonymous spy
|
Report on mission to Darailí & San Rafael
del Norte
|
M28.03.20b
|
top
|
7
|
28.04.21
|
Julio César Rivas
|
The case of Julio César
Rivas, Sandinista pretender
|
M28.04.21 / USDS to March 1929
|
top
|
8
|
28.04.22
|
Joaquín
Álvarez
|
Report on EDSN between Puerto Cabezas &
Wauni by captive of EDSN
|
IR28.04.22
|
top
|
9
|
28.05.06
|
Fletcher, et al.
|
Sacking of the Neptune, Lone Star & La
Luz Mines, April 1928
|
USDS817.00/5739, IR28.05.06: 3
|
top
|
10
|
28.05.07
|
Zelaya brothers
|
Report of capture &
release by Pedrón
|
IR28.05.27: 6
|
top
|
11
|
28.08.24
|
Abraham Rivera
|
Statement of Abraham Rivera
|
M28.08.24
|
top
|
12
|
28.08.25
|
Camilo Castellón
|
Relato of kidnapping by EDSN under Miguel
Angel Ortéz
|
ANN / M28.08.25
|
top
|
13
|
28.09.02
|
Máximo Hernández
|
EDSN prisoner interrogated,
Ocotal district
|
M28.09.02
|
top
|
14
|
28.09.14
|
Gavino Bucardo
|
Gavino Bucardo,
'first-class fighting man', goes home to plant a crop
|
IR28.10.08: 7
|
top
|
15
|
28.09.14
|
Tomás Guatemala
|
Reluctant rebel surrenders at
Jinotega
|
IR28.10.08: 7, others
|
top
|
16
|
28.09.24
|
Former rebel jefe
.
|
Former rebel jefe
with José León Díaz & Carlos Salgado spills
his guts
|
IR28.09.24: 9-10, IR28.10.08: 6
|
top
|
17
|
28.09.24
|
Navas (spy)
|
Spy's Report, Jalapa
district
|
M28.09.24
|
top
|
18
|
28.09.30
|
Agent #88 (spy)
|
Agent #88 report on
political intrigue in the southWestern Honduran
borderlands
|
M28.09.30
|
top
|
19
|
28.10.08
|
Ciriaco Picado
|
Ciriaco Picado, EDSN under Miguel Angel Ortéz, captured
& interrogated
|
IR28.10.08: 8, 10
|
top
|
20
|
28.10.08
11th Reg't, Ocotal
OR —
ARBEITER-ILLUSTRIERTE-ZEITUNG
(BERLIN)
|
MARINE-GUARDIA
ANALYST CONCLUDES THAT SANDINISTAS HAVE organized
a civic guard — or —
“BEI DEM
REBELLENGENERAL SANDINO” IN
ARBEITER-ILLUSTRIERTE-ZEITUNG (BERLIN)
|
IR28.10.08: 9 /
RG127/38/30
|
top
| |
21
|
28.10.22
|
Pablo Ramírez
|
Pablo Ramírez,
rebel deserter brought into Jinotega by his father
|
IR28.10.22: 6
|
top
|
22
|
28.10.24
|
Pedrón
|
Investigation into
the San
Marcos murders, 1-2 October 1928
|
M28.10.01
|
top
|
23
|
28.11.06
|
Humberto Torres
|
Humberto Torres on Sandino's life &
constitutionalist campaign
|
M28.11.06
|
top
|
24
|
28.12.17
|
Emilio Vallecillo
|
Emilio Vallecillo, brother of EDSN Sgt. Major Maximiliano Vallecillo,
interrogated by USMC-GN
|
IR28.12.17: 8
|
top
|
25
|
29.01.14
|
Idelfonso Molina
|
Ildefonso Molina on
his capture & release by
EDSN, December 1928
|
IR29.01.14: 6-7
|
top
|
26
|
29.02.01
|
Dr. Domingo Mairena Hernández
|
Dr. Domingo Mairena
Hernández resigns his
commission in the Defending Army
|
IR29.02.12: 11-12
|
top
|
27
|
29.02.03
|
Gen. Manuel María
Girón Ruano
|
Statement to Herbert H. Hanneken
before execution by Juan Escamilla, with
transcripts of bush trial
|
MCRC-Smith/7
|
top
|
28
|
29.02.05
|
anonymous
|
A Few Details on Certain Persons
Who Are Sandinistas Under Cover (Ocotal district)
|
M29.02.05
|
top
|
29
|
29.02.12
|
Rogelio Mangas
|
Statement of deserter from Pedrón
|
IR29.02.12: 5, 7
|
top
|
30
|
29.02.12
|
Mierisch mandador
|
Report on Pedrón's
visit to Bruno Mierisch coffee farm
|
IR29.02.12: 3-4
|
top
|
31
|
29.02.15
|
Domingo Pérez
|
Intelligence from
Domingo Pérez, surrendered from Pedrón
|
IR29.02.25: 5
|
top
|
32
|
29.03.28
|
anonymous
|
Information on
Pedrón's band from anonymous Jinotega finca owners
|
M29.03.28
|
top
|
33
|
29.04.08
|
Stockes & Hakala
|
Military operations in the southwestern
Honduran borderlands, March 27-April 6, 1929
|
IR29.04.08
|
top
|
34
|
29.04.09
|
Locadia López
Zamora
|
Statement by Locadia López
Zamora on atrocity by band under Juan Pablo Umanzor near Dipilto
|
IR29.05.13: 5-6
|
top
|
35
|
29.04.10
|
Felipe Zelaya & Emilio Siles
|
Mandador
held & released, anciano killed by EDSN under Pedrón
|
M29.04.24
|
top
|
36
|
29.04.23
|
Jesús
Vásquez
|
Statement of Jesús
Vásquez, captured EDSN
under Santos Vásquez & Pedrón
|
IR29.05.13: 4
|
top
|
37
|
29.04.24
|
Juan García
|
Statement of Juan
García on rebel activities in Cifuentes & Danlí,
honduras
|
IR29.05.12: 3
|
top
|
38
|
29.07.17
|
Alejandro Molina
|
Alejandro Molina on
his life as a Sandinista, Dec 1927-Feb 1929
|
IR29.07.28: 7-8
|
top
|
39
|
29.05.20
|
Moisés
Pérez
|
Statement of Moisés
Pérez, coffee dealer, charged
with supplying rebels with clothing
|
M29.05.20
|
top
|
40
|
29.06.01
|
Toribio Dávila
|
Information obtained from
rebel Toribio
Dávila before his execution by Hanneken & Escamilla
|
IR29.06.16: 8-10
|
top
|
41
|
29.06.10
|
Enrique Trewin
|
Enrique Trewin,
Matagalpa coffee planter, describes sacking by 'Pedrón's
crowd'
|
M29.06.10 / USDS
|
top
|
42
|
29.06.23
|
Rosa Amelia Córdoba
|
protest by women of Palacagüina
against destruction of church by US Marines
|
M29.06.23, RG127/206/2
|
top
|
43
|
29.07.17
|
Alejandro Medina
|
Information from
captured EDSN
soldier Alejandro Medina on jefes in San Juan de Telpaneca
area
|
IR29.07.28: 7-8
|
top
|
44
|
29.07.17
|
unknown
|
Statement of native held
prisoner by Pedrón for 15 days
|
IR29.07.27: 3-4
|
top
|
45
|
29.07.18
|
Capt. Geo. F. Stockes
.
|
Biographical sketch of
EDSN General José
León Díaz
|
IR29.07.18: 10-11
|
top
|
46
|
29.07.20
|
Mercedes & Jorge Herrera
|
Information from Mercedes & Jorge
Herrera, held captive by Gen. Ismael Peralta for 9 days
|
IR29.07.28: 5-6
|
top
|
47
|
30.01.31
|
J. Salomé
Herrera
|
Statement of schoolmaster on
death of Dionisio Arteta, Colón
Valley
|
IR30.01.31: 20
|
top
|
48
|
30.02.14
|
Juan Blandón
|
Information volunteered to
Guardia disguised as EDSN by Sandinista message center
operative
|
M30.02.14
|
top
|
49
|
30.02.20
|
J.
Salvador Gómez
|
Diligencias contra J. Salvador Gómez
por andar con y prestar auxilio a los grupos Sandinistas
|
M30.02.20, RG127/209/3
orig. municipio de Telpaneca
|
top
|
50
|
30.04.02
|
Francisco Blandón
& Roberto Vindel
|
Statements of Francisco Blandón & Roberto
Vindel, held captive by Santos Vásquez
group
|
M30.04.02
|
top
|
51*
|
30.04.28
|
Adrian Blandón
|
Statement of hacienda owner
Adrian Blandón to Ministerio de
Gobernación on bandolerismo
|
M30.04.28, RG127/202/15/60
|
top
|
52
|
30.05.22
|
F. Hernández
& Máximo Cruz
|
Statements of Francisco Hernández
& Máximo
Cruz, captured EDSN under Ferbonio Vaquedano
|
M30.05.22, RG127/209/3
|
top
|
53
|
30.05.29
|
Arthur Pineda, et al.
|
Information from witnesses on Pedrón's
raid of Neptune Mine, May 12-15, 1930
|
ATL 30.05.29, RG127/200
|
top
|
54
|
30.09.01
|
Moisés
Castro
|
Statement of prisoner Moisés
Castro implicated in crimes of Juan Botón
|
M30.09.01
|
top
|
55
|
30.09.18
|
Juan Echevarría
|
Declaration of GN Private Juan
Echevarría on Telpaneca
mutinies, 6 & 21 Oct 1929
|
M30.09.18
|
top
|
56
|
30.09.23
|
Feliciano Centeno Altamirano
|
Surrender of Pedrón's
'hijo político' Feliciano Centeno Altamirano
|
M30.09.23
|
top
|
57
|
30.10.16
|
Calixto González
|
Statement of Calixto González,
captured member of Roque Vargas group, Quilalí
area
|
M30.10.16
|
top
|
58
|
30.11.19
|
Juan Midence
|
Chance encounter with Gen. Miguel
Angel Ortéz by Juan Midence,
Pueblo Nuevo butcher
|
M30.11.19
|
top
|
59
|
30.12.31
|
Pilar López
& Felix Zambrana
|
Declarations of captured rebels
Pilar López
& Felix Zambrana, El Jícaro
|
M30.12.31
|
top
|
60
|
31.01.03
|
Tomás
Martínez
|
Statement of captured rebel Tomás
Martínez, courier for Ortéz
|
IR31.01.04: 3-4
|
top
|
61
|
31.01.28
|
anonymous
|
Information from a reliable
source on Miguel Angel Ortéz & rebels in Ocotal-Somoto district
|
M31.01.28
|
top
|
62
|
31.02.20
|
anonymous
|
'Information elicited from natives, for the most part
reliable' on EDSN activities on the Upper Río
Coco
|
M31.02.20, RG127/43A
|
top
|
63
|
31.03.31
|
A. O. Dannenberger
|
Report on Moravian missionary Br. Bregenzer's death by Sumu
Indian from Musuwas
|
Moravian Archives, PA
|
top
|
64
|
31.04.21
|
Capt. Marston, et al.
|
Select reports on the
Sandinista offensive into the atlantic Coast, March-April
1931
|
RG127/200/1
|
top
|
65
|
31.05.04
|
J. A. Fagot
|
Statement of J. A. Fagot on EDSN
Activities on the East Coast
|
IR31.06.01: 9-10
|
top
|
66
|
31.05.13
|
AUGUSTO
FLORES & Ramiro MOLLA Sanz
|
PERUVIAN &
SPANIARD WALKING THROUGH C. AMERICA BUMP INTO THE
EDSN & SPEND TIME IN THEIR CAMPS, 1927 & '31
|
M31.05.13
|
top
|
67
|
31.07.01
|
Alberto Rivera
|
Statement of captured
Sandinista
Alberto Rivera under Pedro A. Irías & Pedrón
|
IR31.07.01: 8-9
|
top
|
68
|
31.07.11
|
Hermengildo Gutiérrez
|
Statement of Hermenegildo Gutiérrez,
Yalí, on his capture by Pedrón's
forces
|
M31.07.11
|
top
|
69
|
31.07.22
|
2 Ocotal citizens
|
Information from 2 reliable
citizens, Ocotal, about rebel activities in Honduras
|
M31.07.22
|
top
|
70
|
31.07.23
|
Wilhelm Pfaeffle
|
Statement of Mr. W. Pfaeffle on
Pedrón raid of Javalí Mine,
Chontales
|
M31.07.23
|
top
|
71
|
31.07.25
|
FFM
|
Letter to Mr. John Brownson,
Acting Manager [UFCo], New Orleans, on EDSN on East Coast
|
M31.07.25
|
top
|
72
|
31.08.11
|
I. Molina R.
|
Message from Guardia spy I. Molina
R. to Capt. Brauer, Palacagüina
|
M31.08.11
|
top
|
73
|
31.08.13
|
Catalino Olivas
|
Presentation and interrogation of
rebel jefe Catalina Olivas in Palacagüina
|
M31.08.13
|
top
|
74
|
31.08.20
|
Isidro Polanco
|
Intelligence from surrendered
EDSN Sgt. Isidro Polanco
|
M31.08.20a
|
top
|
75
|
31.10.07
|
Capt. Inman, et al.
|
REPORTS ON THE DEATH
OF ADOLFO COCKBURN, EDSN GENERAL & DEPUTY IN THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
|
M31.10.07, RG127/43A/30 &c
|
top
|
76
|
31.10.11
|
Teodoro Siles
|
Information received from Teodoro
Siles, held prisoner by EDSN
|
M31.10.11
|
top
|
77
|
31.12.04
|
Arturo R. Garmendia
|
Statement of Arturo R.
Garmendia, Ocotal, on EDSN activities in Las Segovias & Honduras
|
M31.12.04
|
top
|
78
|
32.01.01
|
Sebastian Ismael & Mr. Statin
|
Information on EDSN sacking of
Suina mine by Pedron & Irias, 14-18 Dec. 1931
|
IR32.01.01: 8-9
|
top
|
79
|
32.01.03
|
Ramón
Rodríguez
|
Statement of GN agent & Miskitu
Indian Ramón Rodríguez
on EDSN on lower Río Coco
|
M32.01.03
|
top
|
80
|
32.02.09
|
Tulio Rodríguez
|
Interview with Tulio Rodríguez
of Jalapa, captured by EDSN & escaped
|
IR32.03.01: 35-36
|
top
|
81
|
32.03.01
|
secret agent
|
'Very reliable & trustworthy
property owner near Honduran border' reports on events
|
IR32.03.01: 11-12
|
top
|
82
|
32.03.10
|
Guillermo Cuadra
|
Informe: Viaje a la República
de Honduras, C.A.: Spy report
|
M32.03.10
|
top
|
83
|
32.05.17
|
Ambrosia López
Alfaro
|
Intelligence from Ambrosia López
Alfaro, woman of EDSN jefe Segundo Alfaro
|
M32.05.17
|
top
|
84
|
32.05.18
|
GRUPO DE
OBREROS Y ESTUDIANTES (G.D.O.Y.E.), MANAGUA
|
"El caso de Nicaragua
y la actitud del Gral. Sandino", propaganda flier, Managua &
El Salvador
|
RG127/E38/Box 25
|
top
|
85
|
32.05.30
|
Damaso
Gómez & Florencio Sáens
|
Declaraciones tomadas de Damaso
Gómez y Florencio Saens, EDSN
prisoners, May 20-30
|
M32.05.30
|
top
|
86
|
32.06.19
|
Leoncio Navarrete
|
Declarations of Alberto Valle &
Leoncio Navarrete, held prisoner by Pedrón
& Sandino
|
M32.06.19
|
top
|
87*
|
32.07.01
|
Nicolás
Gómez
|
Information from coffee buyer
Nicolás Gómez
of yasica, RÍo Grande, held captive by Pedrón
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IR32.07.01: 21-23
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88*
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32.07.01
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Rafael Ochoa H.
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Statement of Rafael Ochoa H. of
Paso Real, Jinotega, on EDSN in district
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IR32.07.01: 21-23
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89
|
32.07.15
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Enrique F. Sánchez
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Statement of Enrique Sánchez
F., held captive by EDSN under Umanzor
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M32.07.15
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90*
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32.07.25
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Capt. W.
J. Stone, USMC
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'Recent bandit
activities and Guardia offensive operations,' Atlantic
Coast, July 17-24
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RG80/EF49/2006
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91*
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32.08.01
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Reliable citizen of Ocotal
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Information from reliable citizen of Ocotal on natives of Matagalpa held
prisoner by EDSN
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IR32.08.01: 21-22
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92*
|
32.09.01
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highly placed spy
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Spy intelligence on
EDSN camps, movements, Pedrón,
Sandino, Blanca, &c
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IR32.09.01: 26-28
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93*
|
32.09.03
|
Apolinar Cruz
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Account of detention by Pedrón, June-Sept.
|
ASG 342-348
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94*
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32.09.19
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Ramón
Romero
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Information from surrendered
rebel in Telpaneca district under Carlos Salgado
|
IR32.10.01: 30-31
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top
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95
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34.02.21
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Major Fred T. Cruse, et al.
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Fat file 'Sandino Situation' by
US Military Intelligence Division, international aspects,
1928-33
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RG165/77
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ANTECEDENTS |
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96
|
19.09.27
|
Natividad Rivera et al.
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Public sale of
properties of
Natividad Rivera, San Rafael del Norte, 1919
|
M19.09.27
San Rafael del Norte
testimonio no. 138
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97*
|
26.08.01 |
Junta Revolucionaria Nicaragüense
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Programa de acción
by the Junta Revolucionaria Nicaragüense
captured at the battle of Cosegüina,
30 Aug. 1926
|
RG165/11
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top
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98*
|
27.02.15
27.09.25
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'Otro Caballero' y otros
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'¿Quiènes
Incendiaron Chinandega?' in Feb. 1927, by 'Otro
Caballero,' Granada
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Diario Moderno, 27.09.25
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99
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27.03.05
27.05.07
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US Military Attaché
Major A. W. Bloor
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Reports on the Nicaraguan Civil
War, March-May 1927
|
RG165/77 (7 documents, 58 images)
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100
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27.05.04
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various
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Nicaraguans' letters to US
Special Envoy Henry Stimson on the Espino Negro Accord,
APRIL-May 1927
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USDS 817.00/4954 (93 documents,
217 images)
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101
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28.03.05
|
Hernández
& Torres
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Prison declarations of Anastasio
Hernández and José
Eulalio Torres
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RG127/192/5 (26 documents)
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